▸ Autonomous Vehicle Reference

US Robotaxi Status: November 2026

The current status of every US robotaxi operator (who's live, in which cities, at what scale), plus which international services run fully driverless, and which production EVs offer hands-off or eyes-off driving. Verified monthly against operator press, SEC filings, and state DMV records.

Where can I ride a robotaxi today?

US service map · verified

Driverless robotaxis carry riders in 15 US metros

Anyone can ride a fully driverless robotaxi in 12 of them. In 2 more, Waymo's driverless rides come only through the Uber app, matched to ordinary ride requests and not guaranteed. In 1 more, Waymo is still inviting riders from its interest list. May Mobility also carries riders with an operator aboard in Eden Prairie, MN and Grand Rapids, MN. Pick a metro to see every operator there.

  • Driverless, anyone can ride (12)
  • Driverless, Uber match only (2)
  • Driverless, by invitation (1)
  • Safety operator aboard (2)

San Francisco

Driverless, anyone can ride
  • Waymo Book: Waymo app Driverless · open to all
  • Zoox Book: Zoox app Driverless · waitlist
  • Tesla Robotaxi Safety driver
  • Nuro Employees only
Full San Francisco robotaxi guide →

Driverless, Uber match only (2)

Driverless, by invitation (1)

Safety operator aboard (2)

The map covers US service only. Fully driverless services abroad are under International robotaxi services.

Every operator in each metro with a city guide, as of November 2026, whether it carries public riders, employees only or no riders yet. Each city opens its own guide.

CityOperators serving
San Francisco, CA Waymo (public)Tesla Robotaxi (safety driver)Zoox (public waitlist, free)Nuro (select Uber employees only, with a safety operator behind the wheel)
Los Angeles, CA Waymo (public)Zoox (testing)
San Diego, CA Waymo (public since September 1, 2026; open to everyone since October 14, 2026)Zoox (testing, announced September 1, 2026)
Denver, CO Waymo (by invitation since September 1, 2026)
Phoenix, AZ Waymo (public)Tesla Robotaxi (listed as coming soon on Tesla's Robotaxi pages since October 21, 2026; not yet carrying riders)Zoox (testing)
Atlanta, GA Waymo (Uber app)Zoox (testing)May Mobility (Lyft app, onboard operator)
Austin, TX Waymo (Uber app; freeway trips on select rides since late September 2026)Tesla Robotaxi (Tesla app, mixed supervised/unsupervised; Cybercab in limited areas since September 4, 2026)Zoox (employees plus family and friends; not open to the public)
Dallas, TX Waymo (public)Tesla Robotaxi (mixed supervised/unsupervised)Zoox (testing)Avride (Uber app, safety operator)
Houston, TX Waymo (public)Tesla Robotaxi (mixed supervised/unsupervised)Zoox (testing, announced September 1, 2026)Nuro (testing)
San Antonio, TX Waymo (public; resumed September 17, 2026 after a flood-related pause from April 2026; open to everyone since October 14, 2026)Tesla Robotaxi (Tesla app since November 9, 2026)
Orlando, FL Waymo (public)Tesla Robotaxi (unsupervised rides since July 21, 2026, mixed with monitored cars)
Tampa, FL Waymo (public since September 1, 2026; open to everyone since October 14, 2026)Tesla Robotaxi (unsupervised rides since July 21, 2026, mixed with monitored cars)
Miami, FL Waymo (public)Tesla Robotaxi (unsupervised rides since July 3, 2026, mixed with monitored cars)Zoox (employees plus family and friends since April 23, 2026; not open to the public)
Nashville, TN Waymo (Waymo app and Lyft app, open to everyone)
Las Vegas, NV Waymo (paid, by invitation since September 14, 2026)Tesla Robotaxi (permitted for up to 5,000 vehicles in Clark County on August 20, 2026; listed by Tesla as coming soon; not yet carrying riders)Zoox (public on Strip; paid from Aug 10, 2026; Harry Reid airport since Sept 3, 2026)Motional (supervised pilot on Uber)

Purpose-built robotaxis: Tesla Cybercab · Zoox robotaxi

Robotaxi operators active in the US

Every operator running, or preparing to run, public robotaxi service in the US as of November 2026. Status tracks how far a service has got toward unsupervised public operation, not how big it is. Active = driverless, no safety operator aboard, and open to the general public in at least one market. Limited = open to the public but still supervised, or driverless for only a subset of vehicles or a restricted group. Preparing = permitted or testing, not yet carrying public riders. A large supervised fleet is still a supervised fleet, so fleet size and city count are reported separately and never set this label.

Waymo

Alphabet · L4 robotaxi (no human in vehicle)
Active

The clear US robotaxi leader: public rides in 15 US metros and more than 500K paid rides per week. Las Vegas opened to paying riders, by invitation, on September 14, 2026, two weeks after Denver, San Diego and Tampa.

Cities
Phoenix, AZ · San Francisco Bay Area, CA · Los Angeles, CA · San Diego, CA · Denver, CO · Las Vegas, NV · Atlanta, GA · Austin, TX · Dallas, TX · Houston, TX · San Antonio, TX · Orlando, FL · Tampa, FL · Miami, FL · Nashville, TN
How to book
Waymo app (Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Denver, Las Vegas, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Nashville) · Lyft app (Nashville, since September 9, 2026, alongside the Waymo app) · Uber app (Austin, Atlanta; the only way to ride there, by being matched on an ordinary ride request, not by booking a Waymo directly)
Vehicle
Jaguar I-PACE (primary in-service vehicle); 6th-gen Zeekr-built robotaxi, the 'Ojai', now carrying public riders (first offered to select riders in the weeks after May 28, 2026); Hyundai IONIQ 5 still ramping toward fleet service
Scale
Fleet: 4,000
Weekly rides: 500,000
Weekly autonomous mi: 4,000,000

Independent safety research: The first independent per-mile crash benchmark of a driverless fleet was published by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) on July 23, 2026. Measured per vehicle mile traveled against human drivers in the same cities and years, Waymo's rider-only vehicles were involved in 68% fewer police-reportable crashes overall, 85% fewer single-vehicle crashes, and 81% fewer injury crashes. The metro-level picture is uneven and worth stating plainly: 76% lower in Phoenix, 71% lower in Los Angeles, and 35% lower in San Francisco, but 4% HIGHER in Austin, where IIHS notes the sample was relatively small and draws no firm conclusion. Scope: roughly 50 million Waymo rider-only miles (2021-2024) compared against roughly 222 billion human-driven miles across those four metros. Method: built from NHTSA Standing General Order crash reports, with redundant and non-qualifying records culled and a police-reportability standard then applied: only about 22% of the 736 automation-engaged public-road crashes were judged likely police-reportable, and of Waymo's 89 police-reportable involvements 64 occurred in fully driverless operation. Three caveats are essential to reading this honestly: (1) Waymo and Tesla both publish the miles their robotaxis drive without a safety driver or safety monitor aboard (Waymo's rider-only miles; Tesla's Robotaxi Safety Report), but they are not on the same footing: Waymo's mileage, which it supplied to IIHS voluntarily, has been independently analysed in this study, while Tesla's figures are self-reported and not independently audited, so this finding says nothing about Tesla Robotaxi, Zoox, or anyone else; (2) the Austin sample is small; and (3) IIHS itself cautions that the present data-collection system 'isn't good enough to allow continuous monitoring of a large-scale expansion.' IIHS is funded by the auto-insurance industry; there is no indication that Waymo funded the research.

Full notes

Expansion: on September 1, 2026 Waymo opened paid, fully driverless public service in Denver, CO, San Diego, CA and Tampa, FL, and on September 14, 2026 it opened Las Vegas, NV, its first public service in Nevada and its 15th US metro. All four began on a rolling-invite basis rather than opening all at once (Waymo says more than 100,000 people registered interest in Las Vegas). On October 14, 2026 Waymo opened San Antonio, San Diego and Tampa to everyone: anyone in those service areas can now book in the Waymo app without waiting for an invitation, including trips to and from San Antonio International Airport (Waymo's October 14, 2026 post; News 4 San Antonio, October 14, 2026). Waymo's Help Center service-area page, checked November 9, 2026, marks only Denver and Las Vegas as 'Gradually adding riders', so those two are still by invitation. Per launch reporting Denver and San Diego start Ojai-only while Tampa runs a mix of Ojai and Jaguar I-PACE, and Waymo says Las Vegas joins Denver and San Diego as a majority-Ojai fleet; each city starts with dozens of vehicles. The Las Vegas zone covers roughly 24 square miles (the Strip from Boulder Junction up to Sahara Avenue, Allegiant Stadium, and parts of Spring Valley and the east side), and rides are paid, which makes Waymo the first of the three operators approved by the Nevada Transportation Authority on August 20, 2026 to carry paying passengers under that permit. Waymo's own updates page lists all 15 under 'Serving Riders In' (checked November 9, 2026). Service areas: on October 27, 2026 Waymo said it would add nearly 250 square miles across five metros over the following week: in Los Angeles down the coast to the South Bay, adding Torrance; in Nashville further south, including the zoo; in Orlando nearly doubling its coverage area in the east, with more service downtown; in San Diego north to La Jolla; and in the San Francisco Bay Area more of the south, including a BART connection at Berryessa Station (Waymo, October 27, 2026). Airport: Waymo says it received authorization to operate fully autonomously at Harry Reid International Airport (announced August 25-26, 2026) and will begin with employee airport trips during a testing phase; public airport service is not part of the September 14 launch, and under the Authority's approval it additionally requires authorization from the Clark County Department of Aviation. On October 21, 2026 Waymo opened Harry Reid International Airport to riders who already have Las Vegas access, with pickups and drop-offs in dedicated autonomous-vehicle zones on the Ground Zero Level at Terminals 1 and 3, and said it will add more riders before opening airport trips to everyone; Clark County's Director of Aviation is quoted welcoming the service in Waymo's announcement (Waymo, October 21, 2026; News 3 Las Vegas, the same day). San Antonio: service there was paused after severe flooding in April 2026 and resumed on September 17, 2026, including trips to and from San Antonio International Airport, after software changes to detect standing water and new restrictions keeping the robotaxis out of areas at elevated flood risk. San Antonio stayed on Waymo's 'Serving Riders In' list throughout the pause. Waymo's published 'Up Next' list names Baltimore, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago, Detroit, London, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland, Sacramento, Seattle, St. Louis, Tokyo and Washington DC: 15 US cities plus London and Tokyo (Waymo's own site, checked November 9, 2026). These are announced intentions, not services, so none should be read as a launch date. Beyond that list, Waymo said on September 14, 2026 that it intends to serve its first public riders in Tokyo in 2027 with Nihon Kotsu and the GO app, subject to national and local approval; on September 17, 2026 that it plans a fully autonomous ride-hailing service in Singapore in 2028 with the Ministry of Transport and Land Transport Authority, after a 2027 readiness phase; and on September 15, 2026 it named London and Munich as its initial European deployment plans in an insurance partnership with Allianz Partners. None of those carries riders today. In October 2026 Waymo announced two more plans outside the US: Toronto, its first Canadian market, where vehicles start with manual driving and testing with trained specialists behind the wheel and Waymo's stated goal is first riders in 2028, with Element Fleet Management running the fleet (Waymo, October 16, 2026; blogTO); and the Region of Madrid, where it says Jaguar I-PACE vehicles will begin with manual driving and validation and it aims to welcome riders in 2027 (Waymo, October 20, 2026; no independent report found the same day). Neither city has been added to Waymo's 'Up Next' list (checked November 9, 2026), and neither carries riders. On October 30, 2026 Toyota and Waymo said they will begin testing and validating an autonomous Toyota bZ4X fleet in Japan in 2027, built at Toyota's Takaoka plant, with deployment to the United Kingdom and other Waymo markets planned for the following years (Waymo, October 30, 2026): a plan, not a service. California permit: on August 14, 2026 the CPUC approved Waymo's Advice Letter 4/4-A, an updated passenger safety plan covering an expanded deployment territory and the Ojai vehicle platform. Scale provenance: the fleet figure is Waymo's own, reported at more than 4,000 vehicles on September 1, 2026, of which roughly 300 are the 6th-gen Ojai and the rest predominantly Jaguar I-PACE; multiple outlets covering the same disclosure agree on both numbers. Weekly paid rides are still reported at more than 500,000 (no newer figure had been published as of November 9, 2026, and Sundar Pichai's prepared remarks on Alphabet's Q3 2026 earnings call, on October 28, 2026, gave none), against Waymo's stated goal of 1 million weekly rides by the end of 2026. Waymo reaffirmed its 20+ cities and 1M weekly trips goals, and has passed 20M+ lifetime paid trips. Operational status: Waymo paused public freeway rides in late May 2026 (surface-street service was unaffected throughout) and began restoring them on July 29, 2026 after software updates addressing freeway construction zones: enhanced scene recognition plus routing changes, remedying recall 26E035. The restoration is phased rather than instant: Phoenix went first on July 29, which also restored freeway routing to Sky Harbor, and Waymo said Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area would follow within days. Cities beyond Phoenix remain announced rather than independently confirmed live: no dated report found as of September 24, 2026 confirms that freeway service resumed in Los Angeles or the San Francisco Bay Area. The one later, dated freeway data point is Austin: in the week of September 22, 2026, after months of testing, Waymo began offering freeway trips on select rides booked through Uber there, on MoPac, I-35, US 183 and US 290, with more riders to follow. Regulatory: NHTSA's July 31, 2026 deadline for AV first-responder remediation plans has passed; no operator's submission has been made public and NHTSA has announced no outcome (see the US regulation section). Rider experience: on July 29, 2026 Waymo added Google's Gemini assistant and a redesigned adaptive three-screen interface (including a 'Calm Mode') to the Ojai. Waymo states Gemini handles cabin controls, trip information and general questions only, does not control vehicle movement or routing, and has no access to real-time driving data. Waymo said on May 28, 2026 that select riders in San Francisco, Phoenix and Los Angeles would be offered free rides in its 6th-gen Zeekr-built vehicle, the Ojai, over the following weeks; the Hyundai IONIQ 5 is still ramping toward fleet service (Arizona production expected late 2026). Launched fully autonomous public rides in Nashville, TN on April 7, 2026 in the Waymo app, by invitation; Nashville has been open to everyone since June 25, 2026, and to teen accounts linked to a parent or guardian account since September 22, 2026. Since September 9, 2026, Nashville riders can also be matched with a Waymo on the Lyft app (Lyft's announcement), the first metro where Waymo is bookable in two apps. Uber has said Waymo told it that it plans to launch its own app in Austin and Atlanta, where Waymo is Uber-only today, in January 2028; Waymo's fleet there stays on Uber through at least May 2028. Added a paid 'Waymo Premier' membership ($29.99/mo, invite-only) on June 11, 2026. Airports, per Waymo's Help Center (checked November 9, 2026): Phoenix Sky Harbor, San Antonio International and San José Mineta; Nashville International (since October 13, 2026) and Las Vegas Harry Reid (since October 21, 2026), both for a limited number of riders at first; and San Francisco International (SFO), for a limited number of riders, with pickups and drop-offs at the Rental Car Center and the Grand Hyatt at SFO. Waymo opened SFO access on January 29, 2026. The San Francisco Chronicle reported on July 22, 2026 that access was effectively paused; Waymo's Help Center listed the same SFO pickups for limited riders on July 30, 2026, after that report (Internet Archive copy), and still does. At Miami International, rides are for Waymo employees only, not the public. Funding and going international: raised ~$16B in equity (Feb 2026), with London named as its first overseas market and testing underway in Tokyo, and on October 8, 2026 closed a $5 billion term loan, its first debt financing (Waymo, October 8, 2026). Pauses operations during heavy rain or flooding in some metros until conditions clear.

Tesla Robotaxi

Tesla · Geofenced robotaxi (mixed supervised + unsupervised)
Limited

Eight metros across three states (the widest US footprint after Waymo), after Tesla opened Fort Worth on November 2, 2026 and San Antonio on November 9, 2026, and since September 4, 2026 the purpose-built Cybercab has carried public riders in a limited part of Austin. Tesla still lists Las Vegas, Phoenix and Jacksonville as coming soon, without dates. The driverless share is still the open question: Tesla began removing safety monitors in Austin in January 2026 on a few vehicles "mixed in with the broader robotaxi fleet with safety monitors", and Tesla does not disclose how many vehicles now run unsupervised. That is why this reads Limited rather than Active: reach is broad, and the Bay Area still requires a safety driver by law.

Cities
Austin, TX · Dallas, TX (plus a separate Fort Worth service area since November 2, 2026) · Houston, TX · San Antonio, TX (since November 9, 2026; supervision not stated by Tesla) · Miami, FL · Orlando, FL · Tampa, FL · San Francisco Bay Area, CA (safety driver, required by CA law)
Preparing
Phoenix, AZ · Las Vegas, NV · Jacksonville, FL
Details
Phoenix, AZ (listed as 'Coming soon' on Tesla's Robotaxi pages since October 21, 2026, after Tesla's Q2 2026 disclosure called it 'Preparations Underway'; no launch date given)
Las Vegas, NV (PERMITTED but not yet carrying public riders; listed as 'Coming soon' on Tesla's Robotaxi pages since October 21, 2026). On August 20, 2026 the Nevada Transportation Authority approved Tesla Robotaxi, LLC's Autonomous Vehicle Network Company application for up to 5,000 fully autonomous vehicles across Clark County in the permit's first 12 months. This superseded the interim July 27, 2026 grant, which had been capped at 10 vehicles on the Las Vegas Strip corridor. Service cannot begin until vehicle inspections, insurance and filed rates are complete, and must commence within 120 days of permit issuance.
Jacksonville, FL (listed as 'Coming soon' on Tesla's Robotaxi pages since October 21, 2026, the first time Tesla has named it; no launch date given)
How to book
Tesla app (Robotaxi)
Vehicle
Tesla Model Y, plus the purpose-built Cybercab since September 4, 2026.
MoreThe Cybercab, a two-seater with no steering wheel and no pedals, entered the public Robotaxi fleet in a limited area of Austin on September 4, 2026 at 5:00 p.m. CT, the day after an invite-only launch event in Austin on September 3. Riders cannot request a Cybercab specifically; it is mixed into ordinary Robotaxi dispatch, and it is Austin-only (still so as of October 25, 2026, per Tesla's Cybercab FAQ). 45 Cybercabs were registered in Texas as of September 2, 2026, 67 as of September 21, 169 as of October 2 and 319 by about October 10; Tesla said on October 10 that more than 300 were serving Austin. Tesla's VP of AI software, Ashok Elluswamy, wrote 'Dallas soon' about the Cybercab on X on October 10, 2026 (Not a Tesla App, Teslarati), without a date, so Dallas is a stated next step, not a launch. On the October 21, 2026 earnings call he said Cybercab rides will launch in Dallas 'next month', and CFO Vaibhav Taneja said Tesla plans Cybercab service in some other cities before the end of 2026, without naming them; both are stated plans. It is built at Giga Texas (installed annual capacity above 125,000 units per Tesla's Q2 2026 manufacturing table); Tesla named no further Cybercab cities, gave no expansion calendar, and disclosed no volume-production or consumer-sale date at the launch event.
Scale
Fleet: Tesla does not publish a fleet count; the closest figure is the Texas automated-vehicle registry, which listed 739 Tesla vehicles (420 Model Y plus 319 Cybercab) as of about October 9, 2026, per Texas Department of Motor Vehicles records reported by Tesla North and EVwire (both October 9), not confirmed by Tesla.
MoreRegistry snapshots count vehicles REGISTERED in one state: not vehicles in service, and not vehicles running unsupervised. One outlet, EVwire, reported 769 (420 Model Y plus 349 Cybercab) on October 15, 2026, citing a registry tracker; no second outlet has reported that count, so it is attributed here, not adopted. Earlier snapshots, kept for trend: 476 (409 Model Y plus 67 Cybercab) on September 21, 2026, per one registry tracker; 448 (390 Model Y, 58 Cybercab) on September 18; and 420 (375 Model Y, 45 Cybercab) on September 2, 2026, when Axios first reported it. The Cybercab count alone reached 169 by October 2, 2026, per Texas Department of Motor Vehicles records reported by CNBC (October 3) and Not a Tesla App (October 4), and 319 by about October 10, 2026, per the same registry as reported by Teslarati (October 11) and The Motley Fool (October 15). Tesla itself said on October 10, 2026, through its Robotaxi account on X, that it had '300+ Cybercabs serving Austin' (reported by Not a Tesla App and Teslarati), its first official Cybercab fleet figure and a count of its own, not the registry's; on its October 21, 2026 earnings call Musk said the Austin Cybercab fleet had grown about tenfold since launch, without giving a number. Earlier counts measured different things again and are kept for trend: 42 vehicles authorized in Texas state filings (electrive, June 2, 2026), and a spread of roughly 20 to 59 through mid-2026 (Bloomberg put the total Texas robotaxi fleet at 59 on June 10, 2026, while trackers counting cars actively running reported far fewer). Bay Area and Florida fleet sizes are not disclosed; the Bay Area cars, which carry a safety driver, are not in the Texas registry. Later single-outlet snapshots, each citing a volunteer registry tracker, put the total at 1,051 on October 27, 2026 (544 Cybercab, 507 Model Y; Tesla Oracle) and 1,204 around November 1, 2026 (573 Cybercab, 631 Model Y; Tesla North); no second outlet reported either count for the same date, so both are attributed here, not adopted. Morgan Stanley projects ~1,500 vehicles by end-2026.
Weekly rides: not disclosed
Running driverless: Tesla does not disclose it, and no independent count covering all of its metros has been published.
MoreEvery count through mid-2026 puts the unsupervised subset in the low tens, small enough that the driverless share of the map is a fraction of it. We deliberately do not publish a precise figure here: the available counts come from different outlets measuring different things (total fleet vs. state-authorized vs. actively running vs. running unsupervised), they disagree with each other, and the most-cited of them predate the July 2026 Florida launches. Late-summer 2026 counts are higher but still disagree, because they count different things: a community estimate on August 26 put about 85 robotaxis active across all of Tesla's live markets, while a crowdsourced tracker reported on August 31 that nearly 200 vehicles had been seen running without a safety monitor across Austin, Dallas and Houston. Each is a single volunteer source, neither comes from Tesla, and neither is stated here as the figure.
Unsupervised miles: About 3.1 million miles driven with no safety monitor in the vehicle from January 22 to October 18, 2026, by Tesla's own count on the Robotaxi Safety Report page it published on October 21, 2026 (self-reported, and including miles in which a remote operator was assisting or had taken control): about 2.1 million in Austin, 608,000 in Dallas, 226,000 in Houston, 61,000 in Orlando, 53,000 in Tampa and 46,000 in Miami.
MoreTesla's Q3 2026 Update, published the same day, put cumulative unsupervised miles at 'nearly two million' at the end of September, eight times the end-of-June level. Earlier Tesla figures, for trend: more than 1 million (announced September 3, 2026 by VP of AI software Ashok Elluswamy at the Cybercab launch event) and more than 380,000 across six cities (Q2 2026 earnings call, July 22, 2026). For scale, Waymo books roughly 4 million rider-only miles per week, so Tesla's cumulative unsupervised mileage to October 18 is less than one week of Waymo driving.

Safety record: Tesla publishes a Robotaxi Safety Report covering its Robotaxi driving with no safety monitor in the vehicle. Like all operator-published figures, it is self-reported and not independently audited.

Full notes

Architecturally distinct from Waymo: Tesla deploys the same vision-only neural network used in consumer FSD inside a geofence, rather than relying on HD-mapped cities and lidar. Florida rollout (July 2026): Tesla offered unsupervised (no one aboard) rides from day one in Miami on July 3 (its first market outside Texas and California, and the first time it skipped the monitor-only phase in a new city), then added Orlando and Tampa on July 21, both also with unsupervised rides from day one and hailable through the public Robotaxi app. As in Austin, those unsupervised cars run alongside monitored ones; Tesla lists all three as 'Ramping Unsupervised' and does not disclose the split. Tesla has not published the size of its Florida service areas, and community measurements of the geofences vary. In Orlando the zone centers on the Semoran Boulevard and Lee Vista Boulevard corridor near Orlando International Airport, with no pickups or drop-offs at the airport terminals, downtown or the theme parks; in Tampa it covers West Tampa and Tampa Heights. Through mid-2026 the Texas footprint was large but thin: state filings listed 42 authorized vehicles on June 2, 2026 (electrive), while independent trackers counting cars actively running reported materially fewer. The Texas registry has grown sharply since (see Fleet above). The SF Bay Area service (running since 2025) requires a safety driver, because California still classifies it as a limousine offering rather than a robotaxi and has an open state action over 'Full Self-Driving' marketing. Tesla's own Q2 2026 disclosure makes that concrete: it lists the SF Bay Area status as 'Safety Driver' and cites California charter-party carrier permit #TCP0046782-A, a limousine/chauffeured-transport authorization, not an autonomous-vehicle deployment permit, which is exactly why a human sits behind the wheel there. Musk has tied aggressive scaling to FSD v15 (a model rewrite growing from ~1B to ~10B parameters), pointing to late 2026 / early 2027. On the Q2 2026 earnings call (call-sourced; this detail is not in the written deck) Tesla said the robotaxi fleet is already running early v15 builds, with roughly 40% of 7 planned improvement tracks merged. That applies to the geofenced robotaxi fleet, not to consumer cars. On the Q3 2026 earnings call (October 21, 2026) Elluswamy said the first customer-owned cars could join the Robotaxi fleet with unsupervised FSD 'somewhere around Q2 next year', inside Tesla's geofences and fleet management and through the v15 release, which has not shipped to customers. Tesla's Q2 2026 disclosure also states it expanded the unsupervised operating area in Austin during the quarter, and publishes a per-metro status table listing Austin, Dallas, Houston, Miami, Orlando and Tampa as 'Ramping Unsupervised' and the SF Bay Area as 'Safety Driver'. Next markets, now Tesla-confirmed rather than rumored: that same table lists Phoenix, AZ and Las Vegas, NV as 'Preparations Underway' (Tesla's own language), though it gives no launch date for either, so none should be inferred. Since October 21, 2026 Tesla's Robotaxi page and its new Robotaxi Safety Report page list four metros as 'Coming soon': Las Vegas, Phoenix, San Antonio and Jacksonville, Florida, the last two named by Tesla for the first time, again with no dates (reported by Not a Tesla App and Tesla North the same day). San Antonio opened on November 9, 2026, leaving Las Vegas, Phoenix and Jacksonville on that list. Supporting groundwork already on the record: on June 5, 2026 Tesla filed for a Nevada Autonomous Vehicle Network Company permit covering Las Vegas (including Harry Reid and Henderson airports) and allowing up to 5,000 vehicles in year one. The Nevada Transportation Authority first granted that application on an interim basis on July 27, 2026 (AVNC Permit 002, docket 26-05015), capped at ten fully autonomous vehicles inside a geofence limited to the Las Vegas Strip corridor, barred from Nevada roads posted above 45 mph, and prohibited from pickups at or within a quarter-mile of Harry Reid International Airport absent the airport operator's authorization. That cap was superseded 24 days later. On August 20, 2026 the Authority voted unanimously to approve full Autonomous Vehicle Network Company applications for three operators at once: Tesla Robotaxi, LLC (up to 5,000 fully autonomous vehicles in the permit's first 12 months), Waymo LLC (1,000) and Aviari Services, LLC, an Uber subsidiary (1,000), each authorized to carry paying passengers in fully autonomous vehicles across Clark County, subject to the Authority-approved operational design domain. Conditions apply to all three equally: vehicle inspection documentation, insurance, rates filed with the Authority before service, customer-facing app submitted for review, accessibility and nondiscrimination compliance, crash and incident reporting under NRS 706B.260, a 24-hour emergency contact for first responders, and prior Authority approval for any change to the operational design domain. The approved geographic area includes Harry Reid International Airport, but no operator may service the airport without separate authorization from the Clark County Department of Aviation. Operations must commence within 120 days of permit issuance, and no company may carry passengers until every requirement is satisfied. Tesla representatives told the Authority they do not intend to field 5,000 vehicles immediately. In Arizona it has filed a 'Robotaxi First Responder Interaction Plan' outlining a proposed Phoenix-metro service footprint, and trade-press reports put roughly 60 robotaxi-spec Model Ys staged in the Phoenix area. Neither metro is carrying public riders yet.

CYBERCAB IN SERVICE (September 2026): Tesla held an invite-only Cybercab launch event in Austin on September 3, 2026, and the two-seat, controls-free Cybercab entered the public Robotaxi fleet in a limited area of Austin on September 4 at 5:00 p.m. CT. Riders cannot request one specifically (it is mixed into ordinary dispatch), and it runs in Austin only. Texas state registration records showed 45 Cybercabs and 375 Model Ys, 420 vehicles in total, as of September 2, 2026; a September 21 snapshot from one registry tracker, not confirmed by Tesla, listed 67 Cybercabs and 409 Model Ys, 476 in total. At the launch event Tesla also said the Robotaxi fleet had passed 1 million cumulative unsupervised miles. As of October 25, 2026 no new Tesla Robotaxi city had opened since the July Florida launches; Fort Worth and San Antonio followed in November (below).

Q3 2026 RESULTS (October 21, 2026): Tesla's Q3 2026 Update says it began Robotaxi rides in Cybercabs on September 3 in Austin, reached nearly two million cumulative unsupervised miles by the end of September, and was then running Austin service from 6 a.m. to midnight (Not a Tesla App reported the midnight close on October 17); Tesla moved the close to 2 a.m. on October 29 (below). Unlike the Q2 Update it carries no per-metro status table, so the Q2 table remains Tesla's latest written per-metro statement. On the call, Elluswamy said Cybercab rides will launch in Dallas 'next month' (November 2026), and CFO Vaibhav Taneja said Tesla plans Cybercab service in some other cities before the end of 2026. Lars Moravy said Tesla is trying to get Cybercabs to customers by the end of 2026, while every Cybercab built so far has gone to Tesla's own fleet, and Musk said the vast majority will be Tesla-owned and run as transport as a service (Motley Fool transcript; Not a Tesla App, October 22, 2026). Those are stated intentions, not launches. Neither the Q3 Update nor the call transcript mentions the Bay Area service.

NEW CITIES AND SERVICE CHANGES (October 26 to November 9, 2026): Tesla opened Robotaxi rides in Fort Worth, Texas on November 2, 2026 from 6 a.m., a city it had not named on any coming-soon list, in a launch area centered on downtown Fort Worth that is separate from its Dallas zone, and in San Antonio on November 9, 2026 from 5 a.m. (Tesla's Robotaxi account on X, the night before each launch; Not a Tesla App, Tesla North and, for San Antonio, KSAT). Tesla's Robotaxi page and support FAQ now list Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, Miami, Orlando, San Antonio and Tampa as available and Las Vegas, Phoenix and Jacksonville as coming soon (checked November 9, 2026). Tesla's launch posts do not say whether cars in either new city carry a safety monitor: Not a Tesla App and Tesla Oracle describe both as unsupervised, while Tesla North notes that the posts do not say. Both opened with Model Y vehicles, and Tesla's Cybercab FAQ still lists Cybercab rides only in limited areas of Austin (checked November 9, 2026), so the Dallas Cybercab launch Tesla described for November had not begun by then. Tesla also announced a bigger Houston service area on October 26, 2026 and a bigger Austin service area on November 9, 2026, and on October 29, 2026 posted that 'Operating hours are now 6am - 2am', without naming cities (its support FAQ says hours vary by area; Not a Tesla App reported the 2 a.m. close for Austin). Tesla published no size for any of these areas, and outlets' measurements of its launch maps differ, so none is stated here.

FEDERAL CERTIFICATION REVIEW: NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation opened Audit Query AQ26002 on September 3, 2026, covering an estimated population of 1,000 Cybercab vehicles. The stated scope is the process and technical data on which Tesla relied when certifying the Cybercab, including the extent to which that certification depended on determinations that certain Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are inapplicable to the vehicle. The context worth understanding is the pathway choice, not a defect claim: a vehicle with no steering wheel, pedals or mirrors can reach the road either through an NHTSA exemption (the route Zoox took on July 30, 2026, which caps a manufacturer at 2,500 vehicles a year) or by self-certifying FMVSS compliance, which is the route Tesla took and which carries no such cap. An Audit Query is an inquiry into that certification record. It is not a finding of defect, not a recall, and it has not restricted Cybercab operation. NHTSA escalated on September 10, 2026 with a Special Order under 49 U.S.C. 30166(g), signed by Chief Counsel Peter Simshauser, which legally requires Tesla to answer 21 numbered requests about how it certified the Cybercab (including which safety standards it applied and whether temporarily attached human driver controls formed part of that basis) in a response signed under oath by a responsible officer, originally due September 30, 2026. Tesla asked on September 18 for eight more weeks, to November 20; NHTSA granted 30 days on September 22, so the response was due October 30, 2026 (NHTSA memo to file, September 29, 2026). Tesla responded that day. NHTSA's public file for the inquiry holds Tesla's response letter dated October 30, 2026, whose public version says the entire file is confidential business information, and an NHTSA notice of the same date that the remaining documents answering Question 8 (how Tesla determined that the Cybercab complies with each standard) carry a confidentiality request from Tesla covering each document in full (Tesla North reported the filing on November 3, 2026). NHTSA has not said publicly whether it will grant those requests. (NHTSA's order dates the start of commercial Cybercab service to September 3, 2026, the day of the launch event; press and rider reports put the first public dispatch at 5 p.m. CT on September 4.) A Special Order compels answers; it is still not a finding of noncompliance. NHTSA's investigation record, checked November 9, 2026, still lists the audit query as open, with the same six documents and no closing document, and the order has not restricted Cybercab operation: Tesla's Cybercab FAQ still lists Cybercab rides in Austin (checked November 9, 2026).

CALIFORNIA PERMIT STATUS: Tesla Robotaxi LLC appears on the California DMV's list of holders of an Autonomous Vehicle Testing Permit (with a driver), per the list dated October 23, 2026. It does not appear on the DMV's driverless-testing or deployment lists (both dated November 5, 2026). That is the first DMV rung and it does not change what Tesla may offer the public in California: the Bay Area passenger service still runs under the charter-party carrier permit cited above, with a safety driver in the seat.

Zoox

Amazon · L4 robotaxi, purpose-built vehicle (no steering wheel or pedals)
Active

Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi. Zoox has charged fares in Las Vegas since August 10, 2026. It was Zoox's first commercial market, and the first paid service anywhere in the US from a vehicle built with no steering wheel or pedals, made possible by the NHTSA exemption granted July 30, 2026. Since September 3, 2026 it has been the first fully driverless robotaxi serving Harry Reid International Airport.

Cities
Las Vegas, NV · San Francisco, CA (public app waitlist; free) · Austin, TX (early access for employees, family and friends; not open to the public) · Miami, FL (early access for employees, family and friends since April 23, 2026; not open to the public)
How to book
Zoox app
Vehicle
Zoox purpose-built carriage-style robotaxi (bidirectional, no driver controls)
Scale
Total autonomous mi: nearly 2 million as of March 2026 (Zoox figure; no newer count published, and riders have since grown from ~350,000 to nearly 1 million, so the true figure is higher)
Total passengers: nearly 1 million riders across Las Vegas, San Francisco, Austin and Miami since the free service launched (Zoox figure, reported Aug 5, 2026); Las Vegas alone accounts for 500,000+ rides
Full notes

Zoox now charges for rides. Because its vehicle has no steering wheel or pedals, Zoox needed an NHTSA exemption from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards before it could operate commercially, and NHTSA granted one on July 30, 2026, covering up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years, waiving eight FMVSS (including manual driving controls, mirrors, windshield defrosting and light-vehicle braking systems) and carrying what NHTSA calls an 'enhanced, adaptable oversight structure.' NHTSA describes it as the first commercial exemption of its kind for a purpose-built robotaxi, which is what makes the paid launch a US first for a controls-free vehicle. On August 5, 2026 Zoox announced that paid service in Las Vegas starts Monday, August 10, 2026, its first commercial market after roughly a year of free public rides. How the fare works, per Zoox: a base fare plus distance and time from pickup to drop-off, calculated on the best available route at the moment of booking and shown in full before the rider confirms; if the vehicle then takes a different or longer route, the rider still pays the quoted price. Destination fees apply on top for certain high-traffic locations: Harry Reid International Airport, Sphere and T-Mobile Arena. Zoox declined to publish a base fare and would only say it aims to be competitive with the 'comfort' tier of ride-hailing (the tier above UberX); no verified dollar figure or percentage exists yet, so none is stated here. Airport: on September 3, 2026 Zoox began carrying riders to and from Harry Reid International Airport, the first fully driverless robotaxi service at the airport (approved by the Clark County Department of Aviation and Nevada authorities), with pickups and drop-offs at Terminal 1 and Terminal 3, so the airport destination fee now applies. Paid service is Las Vegas only for now: Zoox needs state and local approvals to charge fares anywhere else. In California the DMV lists Zoox among its deployment permit holders as of November 5, 2026, with deployment areas in northeastern San Francisco, parts of West Los Angeles, Hayward and Foster City, on roads posted up to 45 mph at all hours; the CPUC, whose deployment permit paid passenger service also needs, still lists only pilot permits for Zoox (both checked November 9, 2026), so neither the federal exemption nor the DMV permit opens that market on its own. In March 2026 Zoox doubled its Las Vegas destinations, adding Sphere, T-Mobile Arena and the Las Vegas Convention Center. Nevada: Zoox's Nevada Transportation Authority permit (AVNC 001, Sub 5, dated August 28, 2026) limited it to 100 fully autonomous vehicles in the 12 months following its original permit of September 25, 2025, so that limit ran to September 25, 2026. The permit states no limit for the period after that, and it is still the Zoox permit the Authority posts (checked November 7, 2026), so no newer limit has been published; TechCrunch reported on September 17, 2026 that an Authority official and a Zoox spokesperson confirmed the limit would end on September 25. Operations stay confined to the design domain the Authority approved on June 4, 2026. San Francisco is open to the general public, but gated and free. Anyone can download the Zoox app and join the waitlist; Zoox invites riders off it into its "Zoox Explorers" early-rider program, which replaced employee-only access on November 18, 2025. Fares there are not merely unannounced; they are not permitted: the CPUC lists Zoox (TCP 38380) with Drivered Pilot and Driverless Pilot permits only and no Deployment permit, and CPUC rules bar monetary compensation for rides under the pilot programs; a California DMV deployment permit, which Zoox holds on the DMV's November 5, 2026 list, does not change that on its own. The Las Vegas Review-Journal reported on August 5, 2026 that Zoox has no plan to begin paid service in San Francisco. Its SF service area quadrupled in March 2026, focused on the eastern half of the city (SoMa, Mission and Design District at launch). Austin is carrying riders but is likewise limited to Zoox employees and their family and friends, with the 'Zoox Explorers' early-rider program planned later in the year. It is not a public market. In Miami, since April 23, 2026, rides are limited to Zoox employees and their families and friends, in the Edgewater and Beverly Terrace neighborhoods; Zoox says a waitlist for Zoox Explorers will open there soon. Unveiled a redesigned production robotaxi on June 24-25, 2026 ahead of series production; its Hayward, CA factory is scaling toward up to 100 vehicles/week. Booking is through the Zoox app; the previously stated summer 2026 arrival on the Uber app has slipped, with Zoox now saying rides become bookable on Uber later this year. Footprint expansion (September 1, 2026): Zoox announced it is adding Houston, TX and San Diego, CA, taking its US footprint to twelve locations. Both start with retrofitted test vehicles and human safety supervisors doing manual mapping before autonomous testing, and Zoox gave no timeline for passenger service in either. Zoox described Houston as its 'most sprawling market to date', citing service-road networks, unusual merging scenarios, severe heat, heavy rain and urban flooding. None of this changes where Zoox carries riders: that is still Las Vegas (paid), San Francisco (free, waitlist) and Austin (employees plus family and friends). On November 5, 2026 Zoox announced a multi-year partnership with the Formula 1 Las Vegas Grand Prix and said it plans to offer rides to and from the Grand Prix Plaza, with a dedicated pickup and drop-off zone, beginning in 2027 (Zoox). As of November 9, 2026, Zoox had announced no Uber-app launch, no public (Zoox Explorers) access in Austin or Miami and no paid service outside Las Vegas, and the CPUC's deployment advice-letter register listed no Zoox filing. Its Where to Ride page lists Las Vegas and San Francisco as live and Austin and Miami as arriving; Uber's Las Vegas page names only Motional, so Zoox is not yet on the Uber app there; and Zoox's Las Vegas page gives service hours of 6 a.m. to 1 a.m.

Verification history (4 checks)
  • : Where to Ride: Las Vegas and San Francisco live, Austin and Miami arriving; Zoox's Las Vegas page gave hours of 6 a.m. to 1 a.m.; Uber's Las Vegas page named only Motional; the CPUC's permits list still showed pilot permits only; the DMV's deployment list dated November 5, 2026 newly included Zoox.
  • : No journal post since September 9, 2026. Where to Ride listed Las Vegas and San Francisco as live and Austin and Miami as arriving; Uber's Las Vegas page named only Motional; Zoox's Las Vegas page gave hours of 6 a.m. to 1 a.m. (the guide had said 8 a.m.).
  • : Zoox's Where to Ride page and journal index: no change. The page listed Las Vegas, San Francisco, Austin and Miami, plus Atlanta and Los Angeles without a city page; the CPUC's deployment advice-letter register listed no Zoox filing.
  • : No Uber-app launch, no public (Zoox Explorers) access in Austin or Miami and no paid service in San Francisco announced.

Motional

Hyundai (sole owner after Aptiv exit) · L4 robotaxi: live supervised pilot, driverless targeted EOY 2026
Limited

Hyundai-owned, rebooted in early 2026. Hailable on the Uber app across five Las Vegas zones, but with a safety monitor onboard in every vehicle, and driverless service still only targeted for the end of 2026. That is why it reads Limited: a fully supervised pilot in one city is less far along than services already running unsupervised.

Cities
Las Vegas, NV (supervised pilot; driverless targeted EOY 2026)
How to book
Uber app (Las Vegas; by being matched on an ordinary ride request)
Vehicle
Hyundai IONIQ 5 robotaxi
Scale
Phase: supervised public pilot; safety monitor still onboard
Full notes

As of March 13, 2026, Motional's IONIQ 5 is available through the Uber app across five Las Vegas zones (Resorts World, Encore, Westgate, Town Square, Downtown) with a safety monitor onboard: a live supervised public pilot, the 'final proving ground' before removing the monitor for the targeted end-of-2026 driverless launch. Aptiv exited the joint venture in 2025; Hyundai is the sole owner and added ~$1B in the reboot (which included deep layoffs and an AI-first perception stack). As of November 9, 2026 Motional had announced no driverless transition, no safety-monitor removal and no change to the end-of-2026 target; its most recent Las Vegas announcement is still the March 2026 Uber integration, and it has not begun carrying riders under Uber subsidiary Aviari's Nevada permit. Uber's Las Vegas page describes the same service: request UberX, Uber Comfort or Uber Comfort Electric and you may be matched with a Motional car, up to four riders.

Verification history (5 checks)
  • : Motional's news page: nothing newer than its September 8, 2026 posts. Uber's Las Vegas page described the same service.
  • : Motional's news page: nothing newer. Uber's Las Vegas page described the same service.
  • : Motional's news page: nothing newer than its September 8, 2026 posts.
  • : Motional's news page added two September 8, 2026 posts (an open-sourced reasoning dataset and a workplace award), nothing operational.
  • : Motional's news page: nothing operational. The latest post was a September 2, 2026 research write-up with MIT; the latest Las Vegas announcement was still the March 2026 Uber integration.

May Mobility

Independent (Toyota / BMW i Ventures / others as investors; ECARX partnership) · Shared-shuttle AV service
Limited

The other US AV operator: lower-speed transit and paratransit. It reads Limited because its only driver-out service, in Peachtree Corners, is no longer listed among May Mobility's active deployments, and all three remaining US deployments carry an onboard operator.

Cities
Atlanta, GA (via Lyft) · Grand Rapids, MN · Eden Prairie, MN
How to book
Local transit-style booking via partner agencies; Lyft integration in some markets
Vehicle
Toyota Sienna AV minivans (transitioning toward lower-cost platforms with ECARX)
Scale
Focus: Lower-speed shared shuttles, often as on-demand transit or paratransit
Rides: More than 550,000 commercial autonomous rides across 1.1 million miles in the US and Japan (company-stated, September 16, 2026). A cumulative figure across current and past deployments, including its three driver-out deployments to date.
Footprint: Three active US deployments (Atlanta GA via Lyft, Grand Rapids MN and Eden Prairie MN), per May Mobility's own locations page, checked September 5, September 24 and November 9, 2026, and restated in its September 16, 2026 announcement.
MoreEverything else the company has run in the US and Japan now sits under Previous Deployments, including Peachtree Corners GA, Ann Arbor MI, Arlington TX, Detroit MI, Martinez CA, Indianapolis/Fishers IN, Grand Rapids MI, and the Japanese sites (Nagoya, Higashi-Hiroshima, Takeshiba and Tokyo Bay).
Full notes

Peachtree Corners, Georgia launched in February 2025 as May Mobility's first commercial driver-out service, with Curiosity Lab, T-Mobile and the City of Peachtree Corners. As of September 2026, May Mobility's own locations page lists that service under Previous Deployments rather than Active Deployments, its underlying page data flags it as inactive, and its detail page shows operating hours as N/A. Under this page's status definitions, Active requires a driverless service open to the public in at least one market, so May Mobility reads Limited.

What is NOT established: May Mobility has announced no end date and issued no statement, and we found no reporting that the Peachtree Corners service has been discontinued. The company's own site is internally inconsistent: the Peachtree Corners detail page still carries present-tense marketing copy describing free weekday rides from 9:30am to 3pm, while the same site classifies the deployment as inactive. We are reporting the classification, which is verifiable, and not asserting a shutdown, which is not.

What remains: three active US deployments (Atlanta GA via Lyft, Grand Rapids MN and Eden Prairie MN), all with an onboard operator, which is what Limited describes. In May 2026 May Mobility signed a framework deal with ECARX worth roughly $750M to supply autonomy-enabled vehicles; that is a supply agreement, and the deployed US footprint has contracted rather than grown over 2026, which is worth weighing against the headline number.

SEPTEMBER 16, 2026: May Mobility announced it will go public on Nasdaq (ticker MAY) by merging with ACP Holdings Acquisition Corp., at a stated pro forma enterprise value of about $1.4 billion, with closing expected by year-end. The operational content of that announcement is what matters here, and it is consistent with this row: the company says it currently operates commercially in three US locations (with Lyft in Atlanta, plus autonomous ride services in Eden Prairie and Grand Rapids, Minnesota) and that it has completed more than 550,000 commercial autonomous rides across 1.1 million miles in the US and Japan, including three driver-out deployments to date. That driver-out count is historical and cumulative; it does not identify a current driver-out service, and the locations page, as of November 9, 2026, still lists exactly three Active Deployments, without Peachtree Corners, so the Limited label stands. Stated plans, not services: a commercial launch with Uber in Arlington, Texas targeted for Q4 2026 or Q1 2027 (Uber's own Arlington page, checked November 9, 2026, says autonomous Uber rides are not yet available there, and May Mobility lists Arlington only under Previous Deployments), and a six-month on-demand pilot with NTT Mobility in Nagoya, Japan that began in September 2026.

Verification history (5 checks)
  • : Locations page: the same three Active Deployments; no company news since September 16, 2026; Uber's Arlington page: autonomous rides not yet available.
  • : Locations page: the same three Active Deployments; no company news since September 16, 2026.
  • : Locations page: exactly three Active Deployments (Atlanta via Lyft, Grand Rapids MN, Eden Prairie MN), without Peachtree Corners.
  • : Locations page: Peachtree Corners still listed as inactive.
  • : Locations page: Peachtree Corners listed under Previous Deployments, flagged inactive.

Avride

Independent (spun out of Yandex) · L4 robotaxi: live via Uber (safety operator onboard)
Limited

Uber's Dallas robotaxi partner: more than 100,000 autonomous rides on the Uber app as of August 2026, every one of them with a safety operator behind the wheel.

Cities
Dallas, TX
How to book
Uber app (Dallas; by being matched on an ordinary ride request)
Vehicle
Hyundai IONIQ 5
Scale
Phase: early commercial; safety operator still onboard, driver-out planned
Rides: More than 100,000 autonomous rides on Uber in Dallas, announced August 14, 2026.
Fleet: Over 200 vehicles, per Avride. Company-stated; not independently verified.
Autonomous miles: More than 2 million cumulative autonomous miles across the robotaxi fleet (Avride, October 16, 2026), up from more than 1.3 million announced in August 2026. Company-stated; not independently verified.
Full notes

Began commercial service on December 3, 2025 in a roughly 9-square-mile zone (Downtown, Uptown, Turtle Creek, Deep Ellum) using a Hyundai IONIQ 5 fleet dispatched through Uber. Rides match normal UberX/Comfort pricing, with no premium, and riders who opt in may be matched with an Avride car when they request one of those ride types. Avride announced its 100,000th autonomous ride on Uber on August 14, 2026 and reports a fleet of over 200 vehicles. On September 2, 2026 Avride said its Dallas service area had more than tripled since launch, to 31 square miles covering much of Central Dallas north of the Trinity River (company-stated; Uber's page describes the same area without a size, and we found no independent report of the figure). On October 16, 2026 it said it had completed more than 100,000 autonomous passenger rides and driven more than 2 million autonomous miles, up from more than 1.3 million announced in August. Driver-out remains planned rather than delivered: as of November 9, 2026 Uber's Dallas page still says an onboard specialist sits behind the wheel, Dallas is still the only public market, and Avride has announced no driver-out date, which is why this row reads Limited rather than Active.

Verification history (5 checks)
  • : Uber's Dallas page unchanged (Central Dallas north of the Trinity River, an onboard specialist behind the wheel); Avride's posts since October 16 concerned delivery robots.
  • : Uber's Dallas page unchanged (Central Dallas north of the Trinity River, up to three riders in the back seat, an onboard specialist behind the wheel); Avride's only post since October 16 concerned its delivery robots.
  • : Avride's blog and Uber's Dallas page. Found the September 2, 2026 service-area expansion (31 square miles), which earlier checks had missed, and the October 16, 2026 ride and mileage update.
  • : No driver-out announcement and no new public market.
  • : No operational change: Dallas still the only public market, a safety operator still behind the wheel, the latest milestone still the 100,000th ride (August 14, 2026).

Nuro

Nuro (partnership with Uber + Lucid) · L4 robotaxi: public-road testing (not yet carrying public riders)
Preparing

A premium robotaxi effort from Nuro, Uber and Lucid. Now carrying select Uber employees in the SF Bay Area with a safety operator aboard, with public rides targeted for late 2026 and Houston named as the second market for 2027.

Cities
San Francisco Bay Area, CA (testing) · Houston, TX (testing)
How to book
Planned via the Uber app
Vehicle
Lucid-based premium robotaxi running the Nuro Driver autonomy stack
Scale
Phase: pre-commercial; employee riders only, safety operator aboard
Fleet: About 100 Lucid Gravity SUVs in the engineering fleet across California and Texas (company-stated).
Full notes

Nuro pivoted from autonomous goods delivery to licensing its 'Nuro Driver' stack; this Uber + Lucid partnership puts it into premium passenger robotaxi. Autonomous on-road testing began December 2025, and Bay Area public-road testing was announced April 13, 2026. As of August 2026 the service is still pre-public: select Uber employees can hail a Lucid Gravity robotaxi through the Uber app, with a human safety operator behind the wheel. Nuro reports roughly 100 Lucid Gravity SUVs in its engineering fleet, testing 24/7 in both the SF Bay Area and Houston. Public launch is targeted for the SF Bay Area in late 2026; Houston was named the second market in June 2026 with service targeted for mid-2027, supported by a 50,000 sq ft Uber depot due to be operational by early 2027. No public riders yet, which is why this reads Preparing. California permit position, per the DMV's own lists (as checked November 9, 2026; the drivered testing list is dated October 23, 2026 and the driverless-testing and deployment lists November 5, 2026): Nuro holds a California DMV DRIVERLESS testing permit (Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, up to 45 mph, listing the Lucid Gravity) as well as a drivered testing permit. It does hold a DMV deployment permit, but that permit dates from December 23, 2020 and was issued for a light-duty driverless goods-delivery service on surface streets in parts of Santa Clara and San Mateo counties (vehicles capped at 25 mph on roads posted 35 mph or lower). It is not a passenger robotaxi authorization, and reporting on the Lucid Gravity program says Nuro still needs a DMV deployment permit for that service. Reporting also indicates it has not yet filed for the CPUC driverless ride-hail authority that paid public service would additionally require; the CPUC's deployment advice-letter register lists no Nuro filing. Two approvals therefore still stand between the current employee testing and a public Bay Area launch, which is worth weighing against the late-2026 target. As of November 9, 2026: still employee riders with a safety operator aboard, still roughly 100 Lucid Gravity SUVs, still Houston targeted for mid-2027, no Nuro announcement since August 2026 about public service, and no Nuro filing in the CPUC register (last updated August 14, 2026).

Verification history (4 checks)
  • : Nuro's press page: nothing newer than its October 15, 2026 executive appointment; DMV lists (November 5, 2026) and the CPUC register unchanged for Nuro.
  • : No newer press release; DMV testing list (October 21, 2026), driverless and deployment lists and the CPUC register unchanged for Nuro.
  • : Nuro's press page added only an October 15, 2026 executive appointment; DMV lists and the CPUC deployment register unchanged for Nuro.
  • : California DMV permit lists: driverless and drivered testing permits, plus the December 23, 2020 goods-delivery deployment permit, which an earlier check had missed.

Mobileye

Mobileye (majority-owned by Intel) · L4 robotaxi: announced, not yet operating a service
Preparing

The long-time supplier of driver-assistance and autonomy tech to other automakers announced on June 16, 2026 that it will run its own robotaxi service, targeting a 2027 US launch. No city named, no vehicles carrying riders.

Cities
None yet
Vehicle
Not specified for the US service; Mobileye supplies its own Mobileye Drive autonomy stack
Scale
Phase: pre-launch; plans an initial ~100-vehicle fleet in one unnamed US city in 2027, scaling toward ~17,000 vehicles within five years of launch
Full notes

Listed here for completeness because Mobileye's announcement puts it on both sides of the AV business, continuing to sell its stack to automakers and fleets while operating a competing service of its own. What is actually confirmed is limited: a vertically integrated robotaxi business, an initial fleet of roughly 100 vehicles in one major US city in 2027, and a stated ambition of about 17,000 vehicles within five years of launch. Mobileye has not named the launch city and says further commercial and operational detail will come at a US Capital Markets Day before the end of 2026. Nothing here is a live service. Treat it as an announced program, not a competitor you can ride today. Its Q3 2026 results release (October 29, 2026) said it is engaging with potential vendors for vehicle platform supply, self-driving-system installation and fleet logistics for that service, and named no launch city. As of November 9, 2026 Mobileye had not held or dated the Capital Markets Day, and no vehicles were carrying riders.

Verification history (5 checks)
  • : Mobileye's Q3 2026 results release (October 29, 2026) and news page: no launch city and no Capital Markets Day date.
  • : Mobileye's news page: its only newer post (October 22) concerned driver-assistance braking certification.
  • : Mobileye's news page: nothing newer about the US robotaxi service.
  • : Mobileye's news page: September posts concerned Mobileye Drive in Germany and humanoid robotics, not the US robotaxi service.
  • : No change since the June 16, 2026 announcement: no named launch city, no riders, no Capital Markets Day.

No longer operating

Cruise (shut down) Shut down

GM wound down Cruise robotaxi operations in December 2024. The team and tech were absorbed into GM's personal-vehicle ADAS work (Super Cruise / next-gen).

Full notes

GM cited the cost and time to scale a competitive robotaxi business as the reason for exit. Cruise is no longer operating a public robotaxi service. GM has NOT restarted a robotaxi business, but it did revive an autonomous-driving program for PERSONAL vehicles (renewed push in 2025; ex-Tesla autonomy leadership hired late 2025), and is now targeting an eyes-off (Level 3) system on the 2028 Cadillac Escalade IQ. That's a consumer-car effort, not a robotaxi relaunch. Included here so users searching the Cruise brand reach a current, sourced answer. In June 2026 GM said the eyes-off system it is building for personal vehicles could eventually be capable of running as a robotaxi, so the capability may return through the personal-vehicle program rather than through a revived Cruise. GM has rehired a number of former Cruise engineers into that program. Cruise technology and validation work, including its driverless mileage, feeds the personal-vehicle effort rather than a fleet business. GM's August 18, 2026 Super Cruise explainer describes eyes-off driving as planned for as early as 2028 on the Cadillac Escalade IQ, tested on hundreds of prototype vehicles: a personal-vehicle feature, not a fleet service. GM's Q3 2026 letter to shareholders (October 20, 2026) describes autonomy only as highway technology for personal vehicles, 'starting with the Cadillac Escalade IQ in 2028', and mentions no robotaxi business, and GM had made no newer statement about one as of November 9, 2026.

Verification history (6 checks)
  • : GM's newsroom: no statement about a robotaxi business after its October 20, 2026 letter.
  • : No newer GM statement about a robotaxi business.
  • : No robotaxi restart; checked GM's Q3 2026 letter to shareholders.
  • : No robotaxi restart; checked GM's August 18, 2026 Super Cruise explainer.
  • : No robotaxi restart.
  • : No robotaxi restart; the Cruise service remained shut down.

International robotaxi services

Which robotaxi services outside the US are fully driverless right now?

As of November 2026: Fully driverless robotaxis that the public can book run in two countries outside the US: China and the United Arab Emirates. In China: Baidu Apollo Go (several cities in mainland China), Pony.ai (Beijing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen) and WeRide (Beijing and Guangzhou). In the United Arab Emirates: Baidu Apollo Go (Dubai) and WeRide (Abu Dhabi and Dubai).

Elsewhere, public international service carries a safety operator (Pony.ai in Zagreb and Doha; Wayve in London), is not described as driverless by its operators (Singapore and South Korea), or is testing only. AutoX's current status is unverified: no verifiable public update since July 2024. None of these operators has a public service in the US; for US service, see the US operators and the city guides above.

Fleet and ride figures below are each operator's own disclosure (earnings releases, HKEX and SEC filings, newsroom posts), dated to the period they describe; where an operator does not publish a number, the table says so rather than borrowing an outlet's estimate. This section is separate from the US tracker above and does not change its counts.

OperatorWhereDriverless? · Who can ride · Since
Baidu Apollo Go Several cities in mainland China Fully driverless
Public
Dubai, UAE Fully driverless
Public · since Mar 2026
Hong Kong Testing only
No public riders · since Jul 2026
London, UK Testing only
No public riders · since Jul 2026
Pony.ai Beijing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, China Fully driverless
Public · since Nov 6, 2025
Zagreb, Croatia Safety operator aboard
Public · since Apr 2026
Doha, Qatar Safety operator aboard
Public · since Dec 2025
Singapore (Punggol) Not stated by operator
Public · since Jun 22, 2026
South Korea Not stated by operator
Public
WeRide Beijing and Guangzhou, China Fully driverless
Public
Abu Dhabi, UAE Fully driverless
Public · since Nov 2025
Dubai, UAE Fully driverless
Public · since Mar 31, 2026
Singapore (Punggol) Not stated by operator
Public · since Mar 31, 2026
AutoX Shenzhen, China Unverified
Unverified · since Dec 2020
Shanghai (Pudong), China Unverified
Unverified · since Jul 4, 2024
Wayve London, UK Safety operator aboard
Public · since Sep 3, 2026

Baidu Apollo Go

Baidu (Nasdaq: BIDU; HKEX: 9888) · China and the UAE (testing in Hong Kong and London)
Driverless · public

The only operator here that publishes a ride count, and every ride it counts is fully driverless: 3.2 million in Q1 2026, with weekly rides peaking above 350,000 in March, then about 1 million in Q2 2026, after what Baidu called operational adjustments in certain Chinese cities for regulatory reasons. Baidu said those operations began resuming in August. Outside mainland China it runs a fully driverless commercial service in Dubai and is testing in Hong Kong and London. Baidu does not publish a fleet count.

Fleet
Not disclosed (latest disclosure checked: August 18, 2026)
Baidu's 2026 results releases give no fleet count.
Rides
About 1 million fully driverless rides in Q2 2026, down from 3.2 million in Q1 2026 (as of June 30, 2026)
Cumulative rides
More than 23 million provided to the public (as of June 30, 2026)
Markets
Several cities in mainland China: Baidu describes its counted rides as fully driverless and provided to the public, but does not list which cities they come from. Its footprint was 28 cities worldwide as of August 2026, a count that includes testing locations.
Dubai: Fully driverless rides in the Apollo Go app since March 2026, free at first; Baidu dates its fully driverless commercial operations to July 2026. On the Uber app from August 20, 2026, when UberX and Uber Comfort requests in parts of Umm Suqeim and Jumeirah can be matched with an Apollo Go car.
Hong Kong: Hong Kong's first fully driverless testing permits (June 2026); testing on Airport Island from July 2026.
London: Open-road testing with Uber and Lyft from July 2026.
In the US
No US service.

Pony.ai

Pony AI Inc. (Nasdaq: PONY; HKEX: 2026) · China, plus Croatia, Qatar, Singapore and South Korea
Driverless · public

Runs fully driverless commercial robotaxis open to the public in Beijing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, and had 1,975 robotaxis worldwide on June 30, 2026, aiming for more than 3,500 by year-end. None of its international services is fully driverless for the public yet: Zagreb and Doha carry an onboard operator, and in Zagreb fully driverless rides are still test rides for invited passengers. Pony.ai does not publish a ride count.

Fleet
1,975 robotaxis (target: more than 3,500 by the end of 2026) (as of June 30, 2026)
Rides
Not disclosed (latest disclosure checked: August 18, 2026)
Pony.ai reports growth rates and registered users, not ride totals.
Registered users (China)
More than 1.5 million (as of August 16, 2026)
Markets
Beijing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen: Fully driverless commercial service for its Gen-7 robotaxis launched in all three on November 6, 2025. In 2026 Guangzhou service reached the city center and Shenzhen service reached Bao'an International Airport, Shenzhen Bay Port and Shekou Cruise Port.
Zagreb: Commercial service with Verne and Uber since early April 2026, with an onboard AV operator; fully driverless test rides for invited passengers began on a 22-kilometer route to Zagreb airport on September 10, 2026.
Doha: Fare-charging pilot on the Karwa app with trained safety operators onboard, covering Old Doha, West Bay and Hamad International Airport (Pony.ai, September 9, 2026).
Singapore (Punggol): Bookable on ComfortDelGro's Zig app along a route in northern Punggol since June 22, 2026. Pony.ai's announcement does not say whether a safety operator rides along.
South Korea: Pony.ai lists South Korea among four overseas markets where it has started public service (May 26, 2026), without city or operating details.
In the US
No US public service: Pony.ai's US presence is a California testing permit with a safety driver only. It appears on the DMV's drivered testing list, not the driverless-testing or deployment lists (checked September 24, 2026).

WeRide

WeRide Inc. (Nasdaq: WRD; HKEX: 0800) · China and the UAE, plus Singapore
Driverless · public

Runs fully driverless robotaxis open to the public in Beijing and Guangzhou and, through the Uber app, in Abu Dhabi (since November 2025) and Dubai (fare-charging since March 31, 2026). It had more than 1,800 robotaxis on July 31, 2026, about 400 of them in the Middle East, within an autonomous fleet of about 3,400 vehicles that also includes robobuses. WeRide does not publish a total ride count.

Fleet
More than 1,800 robotaxis (about 400 in the Middle East), within an autonomous fleet of about 3,400 vehicles (as of July 31, 2026)
Rides
Not disclosed (latest disclosure checked: August 12, 2026)
WeRide reports a per-vehicle average instead: more than 21 daily rides per robotaxi in China in Q2 2026.
Markets
Beijing and Guangzhou: WeRide's core operational hubs for fully driverless robotaxi service; in Guangzhou the service area covers Huangpu, Tianhe and Haizhu districts and runs around the clock (WeRide, August 12, 2026).
Abu Dhabi: On the Uber app with no safety operator aboard since November 2025; WeRide said in May 2026 that its Abu Dhabi service covers about 70% of the city's core areas.
Dubai: Fare-charging with no vehicle operator aboard since March 31, 2026, booked through the Autonomous option in the Uber app, starting in Umm Suqeim and Jumeirah.
Singapore (Punggol): Grab's Ai.R service, open to public registration since March 31, 2026. Grab describes safety-operator and remote-operator roles in the service, and neither company describes it as driverless.
In the US
No US public service: WeRide's US presence is a California testing permit only. WeRide AI appears on the California DMV's driverless testing permit list for San Jose and Santa Clara, and on the drivered testing list, but not on the deployment list (DMV lists as checked September 24, 2026; drivered list as of September 17, 2026).

AutoX

AutoX (not publicly listed) · China
Unverified

Status unverified: there has been no verifiable public update on AutoX's operations since July 2024. AutoX was among the first operators anywhere to run robotaxis on public roads with no safety driver, in Shenzhen from December 2020, and in July 2024 Shanghai licensed it, alongside SAIC, Baidu and Pony.ai, for driverless demonstration service. We found no newer city, fleet or ride figure from the company or a regulator, so this tracker does not say whether its Shenzhen or Shanghai service is running today.

Fleet
Not disclosed (latest disclosure checked: July 8, 2024)
AutoX is not publicly listed and has published no fleet or ride figure we could verify in 2025 or 2026.
Rides
Not disclosed (latest disclosure checked: July 8, 2024)
No ride figure from the company or a regulator that we could verify.
Markets
Shenzhen: Fully driverless robotaxis, with no safety driver or remote operator, began running in downtown Shenzhen in December 2020; the service was not yet open to the public then (Automotive Fleet and KrASIA, December 2020). Current status unverified.
Shanghai (Pudong): Licensed by Shanghai for driverless demonstration service on July 4, 2024 (Shanghai municipal government; Gasgoo). Current status unverified.
In the US
No US service: AutoX took a California driverless testing permit in 2020 but never launched a US service, and it no longer appears on any of the California DMV's current permit lists (drivered testing, driverless testing or deployment).

Wayve

Wayve (UK; not publicly listed) · UK
Supervised or testing

AI-first driving software. On September 3, 2026 Uber and Wayve launched London's first public robotaxi service, with a human safety driver behind the wheel who can take over; riders on a standard Uber request may be offered a Wayve car and can accept or decline. Removing the safety driver needs further approval under the UK's pilot framework. With Uber and Nissan it is preparing a Tokyo pilot.

Fleet
About 15 Ford Mustang Mach-E at launch (as of September 3, 2026)
Rides
Not disclosed (latest disclosure checked: September 3, 2026)
Neither Wayve nor Uber has published a ride count for London.
Markets
London: Ford Mustang Mach-E cars on the Uber app with a human safety driver behind the wheel.
In the US
No US robotaxi service: its US presence is driver-assistance testing in the SF Bay Area since 2024, plus a 2026 Stellantis and Uber Level 4 partnership.
Verified November 9, 2026 Sources: [1][2][3]

Production-vehicle autonomy: what each system actually does

Hands-free, eyes-off, and "supervised" features by automaker. No production passenger vehicle in 2026 is L4. Only robotaxis (above) are. To weigh these cars on range, price, and charging, use our EV comparison tool.

Read this section by operational scope, not by SAE level. Tesla FSD is L2 because Tesla keeps the driver legally responsible, but in functional scope it's the only system that operates on any road, including city streets, intersections, traffic lights, and unprotected turns. The hands-off L2+ systems (GM Super Cruise, Ford BlueCruise, Nissan ProPILOT Assist 2.0 / 2.1, Rivian Autonomy+ / Universal Hands-Free and Subaru Highway Hands-Free Assist) only engage on a defined road network (mostly mapped or controlled-access highways, though Rivian Autonomy+ / Universal Hands-Free also covers some non-highway roads), and none handles intersections or signals. Mercedes Drive Pilot was the only L3 (eyes-off) system certified for US roads, only on specific highways at ≤40 mph. Mercedes paused it in January 2026: it is not offered on the facelifted S-Class, and Mercedes said in January 2026 that another system would come within two or three years.

Operational scope at a glance
System Highways City streets Intersections Lights & signs Hands-off
Tesla FSD (Supervised) Yes Yes Yes Yes No (supervised)
Mercedes Drive Pilot (L3) Mapped highways only, ≤40 mph No No No Yes (eyes-off)
GM Super Cruise Mapped highways only No No No Yes
Ford BlueCruise Mapped Blue Zones only No No No Yes
Nissan ProPILOT Assist 2.0 / 2.1 Mapped highways only No No No Yes
Rivian Universal Hands-Free Yes Lane-keep only No No Yes
Subaru Highway Hands-Free Assist Pre-determined highways only (2+ lanes) No No No Yes

"Yes" = the system engages and handles that environment under normal conditions. "No" = the system either disengages or never engages there. Tesla FSD is the only production system that operates across all five environments, but it requires the driver to remain attentive and hands-on. Every other system on this list hands intersections, traffic lights and stop signs back to the human driver.

Tesla FSD (Supervised) / Autopilot

Tesla
L2
Level 2 (supervised): by far the widest operational scope of any production system

Where it works: The only production system that operates on essentially ANY road. Highways + city streets + intersections + traffic lights + stop signs + unprotected turns + roundabouts + parking. Every other hands-off system on this page is limited to a defined road network (mapped or controlled-access highways, except Rivian's, which also lane-keeps on some rural and city roads), and none of them handles intersections or traffic signals. FSD currently has 10+ billion cumulative miles driven, ~3.8 billion of those on city streets.

Vehicles: Model 3 · Model Y · Model S · Model X · Cybertruck

Safety record: Tesla publishes a quarterly Vehicle Safety Report covering the supervised fleet. Direct safety comparison to mapped-highway-only systems isn't apples-to-apples, because FSD's mileage includes city driving (statistically far more dangerous per mile than divided highway). California has an open state action over 'Full Self-Driving' branding.

Availability: FSD (Supervised) has been subscription-only in the US since February 14, 2026, at $99/month: Tesla stopped selling it as an $8,000 one-time purchase on that date, and cars that already bought it keep it.

More

Separately, since late January 2026 new Model 3 and Model Y orders in the US and Canada no longer include basic Autopilot (Autosteer) as standard; they ship with Traffic-Aware Cruise Control only. 1.74 million active FSD subscriptions as of Q3 2026, up 67% year-over-year and about 18% sequentially from Q2 2026, and Tesla says more than 75% of its new North American deliveries in the quarter included FSD (Q3 2026 Update, October 21, 2026). Tesla's disclosed metric includes both upfront purchases and monthly subscriptions and excludes free trials, so it counts paid FSD customers rather than monthly subscribers alone. Continuously updated OTA: 'v14 Lite' for older HW3/AI3 cars exited early access and reached public release on build 2026.20.6.10 on July 21, 2026, the first FSD update for HW3 owners in roughly 14 months. A unified push on build 2026.20.6.11 followed around July 23, 2026, delivering v14.3.6 to HW4/AI4 vehicles and v14 Lite to HW3/AI3 in a single release; its release notes state Tesla unified the model across Actually Smart Summon, FSD, and Robotaxi. Most recent at our November 9, 2026 check: v14.3.13 for HW4/AI4 and 'v14.3 Lite' for HW3/AI3, on the 2026.38.5 software branch (Not a Tesla App's FSD release tracker; Tesla Oracle). v14.2 Lite first reached HW3 Model S and Model X on build 2026.27.6 from September 8, 2026. FSD v15, the larger model rewrite, has not shipped to customers; on the October 21, 2026 earnings call Tesla said the first customer-owned cars could join its Robotaxi fleet with unsupervised FSD around Q2 2027, through the v15 release and only inside Tesla's geofences. Provenance note: these version and build numbers come from Tesla-watcher trade press and release-tracking sites quoting the release notes, not from a Tesla-published changelog.

Notes

Tesla classifies FSD as Level 2 because Tesla (not the system) accepts no legal responsibility while engaged. That is a regulatory classification, not a capability ranking: by functional scope, FSD does things no other production system attempts. It also has, by an order of magnitude, the largest real-world dataset of any consumer autonomy system. The Robotaxi product (in the operators section above) runs an unsupervised variant of the same stack inside a geofence.

Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot (US rollout paused)

Mercedes-Benz
L3 (US rollout paused)
Level 3: eyes-off, hands-off (within operational design domain); US availability paused as of early 2026

Where it works: Was approved by the California DMV (Jun 2023) and Nevada (Jan 2023). Operated on certain limited-access highways, in daylight, at speeds up to 40 mph, behind a lead vehicle, in clear weather. Not offered on the facelifted S-Class.

Vehicles: EQS Sedan · S-Class

Availability: Paused since January 2026. Mercedes is not offering Drive Pilot on the facelifted S-Class (Handelsblatt, as reported by electrive on January 12, 2026), and a Mercedes spokesperson said the company did not want to offer a system with little customer benefit and that another would come in the next two or three years (The Verge, as reported by InsideEVs on January 14, 2026); reported reasons are high cost and limited customer demand.

More

Instead, Mercedes-Benz USA lists MB.DRIVE ASSIST PRO as coming soon: an SAE Level 2 system that, with driver supervision, navigates highways and city streets from parking lot to destination. Mercedes' US page calls its highway assist hands-free but does not say whether MB.DRIVE ASSIST PRO's city driving is, and outlets disagree (checked November 9, 2026). (Often miscast as a Luminar story: Mercedes had already terminated its Luminar lidar supply deal in late 2024, and Luminar's December 2025 bankruptcy was driven mainly by a separate collapsed Volvo deal, so the pause followed it chronologically but wasn't caused by it.) No SAE Level 3 system is currently offered on a new US car.

Notes

Drive Pilot was the first and only L3 system certified for US public roads (CA + NV) before the pause. With its US rollout paused, no new US car offers an L3 system: BMW dropped its Germany-only Personal Pilot L3 with the 7 Series facelift after low uptake; Honda Sensing Elite L3 remains Japan-only. What happens for cars already fitted with Drive Pilot was unclear in January 2026 reporting (InsideEVs), and Mercedes-Benz USA's driver-assistance page still names Drive Pilot as its Level 3 example without listing a model that offers it (checked November 9, 2026). As of November 9, 2026 Mercedes had announced no reinstatement of Drive Pilot on a new US model. (Mercedes still appears on the California DMV's deployment list for its Drive Pilot approval; that is the June 2023 authorization, not a new offer.)

GM Super Cruise

GM (Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC)
L2+
Level 2+: hands-off, eyes-on (mapped highways only; does NOT handle intersections, lights, or city streets)

Where it works: Hands-free ONLY on mapped, divided highways across the US and Canada. On the size of that network, sources disagree and we deliberately do not state a single precise figure: GM has announced a 750,000-mile hands-free network, while 2026 secondary reporting cites figures between 600,000 and 700,000 miles, and GM's own April 28, 2026 milestone release does not restate a network figure at all. There is a specific conflation risk to watch: GM stated in that release that NEARLY 750,000 Super Cruise-enabled VEHICLES across 23 models are on the road, a number that collides with the 750,000-MILE network claim, and the two measure entirely different things. Will not engage on city streets and does not handle intersections, traffic lights, or stop signs. Driver-facing IR camera enforces eyes-on requirement.

Vehicles: Cadillac Lyriq · Cadillac Vistiq · Cadillac Escalade IQ · Cadillac CT5 · Chevrolet Silverado EV · Chevrolet Equinox EV · Chevrolet Blazer EV · GMC Sierra EV · GMC Hummer EV

Availability: Widely available across GM EV lineup (and many ICE models), with more than 20 models in North America per GM. After the trial included with an equipped vehicle, plans start at $39.99 a month, with discounts for yearly billing (GM, August 18, 2026).

Notes

Conservative by design: hands-free only on mapped, divided highways. GM's pivot away from Cruise robotaxi (December 2024) reinvested in personal-vehicle autonomy: Super Cruise passed 1 billion cumulative hands-free miles in April 2026, and GM is now testing an eyes-off (Level 3) system (200+ vehicles in CA/MI) targeted for the 2028 Cadillac Escalade IQ, highway-only, not yet in production. GM has since rehired a number of former Cruise engineers into that program. Its August 18, 2026 Super Cruise explainer restates nearly 750,000 enabled vehicles and eyes-off as early as 2028 on the Escalade IQ, says eyes-off is being tested on hundreds of prototype vehicles, and gives no road-network mileage figure. In its Q3 2026 letter to shareholders (October 20, 2026) GM says it will make Super Cruise standard on high-end 2027 Silverado and Sierra trims and optional on most others, expects Super Cruise penetration in its truck portfolio to grow 4-5x in 2027, and restates eyes-off highway driving starting with the 2028 Cadillac Escalade IQ; the letter gives no new mileage, vehicle or road-network figure.

Verification history (4 checks)
  • : GM's August 18, 2026 Super Cruise explainer and newsroom: no new mileage, vehicle or road-network figure.
  • : GM's Q3 2026 letter to shareholders: no new mileage, vehicle or road-network figure.
  • : GM's August 18, 2026 Super Cruise explainer: no road-network mileage figure.
  • : GM's April 28, 2026 release: the 1-billion-mile and 2028 Escalade IQ claims hold.

Ford BlueCruise

Ford / Lincoln
L2+
Level 2+: hands-off, eyes-on (mapped Blue Zones; does NOT handle intersections, lights, or city streets)

Where it works: Hands-free only inside Ford's Hands-Free Blue Zones: controlled-access highways (interstates, freeways, expressways), which Ford says make up 97% of such highways in the US and Canada and 'over 130,000 miles of North American roads'. Ford's instruction is to 'only remove hands in a hands-free Blue Zone'; elsewhere the car's regular hands-on Adaptive Cruise Control and Lane Centering remain. Being highway-only, it does not handle intersections, traffic signals, or stop signs. Ford lists conditions where it will not engage or may disengage even in a Blue Zone: poor visibility, lanes that are too narrow, too wide, unmarked or merging, construction zones and sharp curves.

Vehicles: 2021+ Mustang Mach-E · 2021+ F-150 · 2022-2025 F-150 Lightning · 2022+ Expedition · 2024+ Explorer · 2022+ Lincoln Navigator · 2023+ Lincoln Corsair · 2024+ Lincoln Nautilus · 2025 Lincoln Aviator

Safety record: Mileage-based comparisons across systems aren't apples-to-apples: BlueCruise's hands-free miles are on controlled-access highways only.

Availability: Hardware is available on current Ford and Lincoln models (Ford's and Lincoln's BlueCruise FAQs, read September 24, 2026): 2021+ Mustang Mach-E, 2021+ F-150, 2022+ F-150 Lightning (2025 was its final model year), 2022+ Expedition and 2024+ Explorer; Lincoln 2022+ Navigator, 2023+ Corsair, 2024+ Nautilus and 2025 Aviator.

More

After an included trial (three months on Fords), Ford charges $49.99 a month or $495 a year, or $2,495 one-time, available only when buying the vehicle from a dealer. The current software is BlueCruise 1.5, which adds Automatic Lane Change (on the 2025 Mustang Mach-E and 2026 Explorer, per Ford's FAQ).

Notes

Eyes-on is enforced by a driver-facing camera that tracks eye gaze and head position (Ford). Scope is highway lane-keeping with lane changes, not a self-driving system in the full sense.

Nissan ProPILOT Assist 2.0 / 2.1

Nissan / Infiniti
L2+
Level 2+: hands-off on mapped highways only (no intersections, no city streets)

Where it works: Hands-off only while driving in a single lane on compatible roads, which Nissan defines as 'controlled-access divided motorways in the lower 48 US states and District of Columbia, including the interchanges that connect motorways and ramps', minus sections in active construction or not yet re-mapped. Lane Change Assist and Passing Assist need both hands on the wheel. Being highway-only, it does not handle intersections, traffic lights, or stop signs.

Vehicles: 2025+ Nissan Rogue SL and Platinum · 2026 Nissan Murano with the Platinum Technology package · 2026 Nissan Armada · Infiniti QX60 Autograph with the Technology Package · Infiniti QX80 · 2023-2025 Nissan Ariya Empower+ and Platinum+ (version 2.0)

Availability: ProPILOT Assist 2.1 is optional on the 2025+ Rogue SL and Platinum, part of the 2026 Murano's Platinum Technology package, and available on the 2026 Armada, the Infiniti QX60 Autograph (with the Technology Package) and the QX80.

More

Nissan requires its NissanConnect Services ProPILOT Assist 2.1 package: a trial comes with a new vehicle, then a monthly subscription (Nissan's releases do not state the price). ProPILOT Assist 2.0 was standard on the Ariya's Empower+ and Platinum+ trims; Nissan says 2025 was the Ariya's final year of US production.

Notes

Like the other L2+ systems here, it is hands-off lane-keeping on mapped highways, with no city driving.

Rivian Autonomy+ / Universal Hands-Free

Rivian
L2+
Level 2+: hands-off, eyes-on (lane-keeping only; does NOT handle intersections or traffic signals)

Where it works: Started as Enhanced Highway Assist on ~135,000 miles of approved freeways. The 2025.46 OTA expanded 'Universal Hands-Free' to 3.5M+ miles of roads including rural and some city streets, but the system does NOT stop or slow for traffic lights or stop signs. Functionally it is hands-off lane-keeping with adaptive cruise on a broader road set, not a city-driving system. The driver must take every intersection, light, and stop sign.

Vehicles: R1S (Gen 2) · R1T (Gen 2) · R2

Availability: Subscription: $49.99/mo or $2,500 one-time. 60-day trial on new R1S/R1T deliveries.

Notes

Major scope expansion announced at Rivian's 'Autonomy Day' in 2026. Positioned as a Tesla FSD competitor in marketing, but the operational scope is meaningfully narrower: Rivian's system explicitly does not handle the intersections, signals, and unprotected turns that FSD attempts. Rivian announced 'Universal Hands-Free 2.0' for Q3 2026, to add stop-light/stop-sign response, surface-street automated lane change, and on-ramp-to-off-ramp routing (a step toward L3), but we found no announcement of its release as of September 5, 2026, and the Q3 window closed on September 30. As of September 24, 2026, six days before that window closed, it had not shipped, so the shipping system still did not stop for lights or stop signs. Rivian's own autonomy page still states that Universal Hands-Free will not stop or slow down for traffic lights or stop signs, and Rivian's August 14, 2026 Autonomy+ roadmap no longer names a 'Universal Hands-Free 2.0' step at all. It lists Lane Change on Command on any road where Universal Hands-Free works (the one 2.0 feature that did arrive) and on-screen rendering of traffic lights, stop signs and cones, then goes straight to hands-free, eyes-on 'Point-to-Point' driving for Gen 2 R1 and R2, with a limited rollout later in 2026 and a widespread customer rollout targeted for 2027. The Q3 2026 stop-light target went unmet: Rivian's autonomy page still said on November 9, 2026 that Universal Hands-Free will not stop or slow down for traffic lights or stop signs, and its roadmap still gives Point-to-Point a limited rollout later in 2026, so those dates are targets, not deliveries. The same roadmap confirms Universal Hands-Free on the R2.

Subaru Highway Hands-Free Assist

Subaru
L2+
Level 2+: hands-off, eyes-on (highways only; does NOT handle intersections, lights, or city streets)

Where it works: Hands-free, eyes-on at up to 85 mph on 'most U.S. highways'; Subaru says it engages automatically on highways with at least two lanes once adaptive cruise is on, and limits it to 'certain pre-determined highways'. The DriverFocus camera monitors attention and disengages the system if the driver is not attentive. Being highway-only, it does not handle intersections, traffic lights, or stop signs.

Vehicles: 2026 Outback Touring · 2026 Outback Touring XT

Availability: Standard on the 2026 Outback Touring and Touring XT. Cars sold on or before January 19, 2026 needed a no-cost update to activate it; later cars do not (Subaru, March 4, 2026). Map updates require a MySubaru Companion or Companion+ subscription.

Notes

Subaru's first hands-free system, joining GM Super Cruise, Ford BlueCruise, Nissan ProPILOT Assist 2.0/2.1 and Rivian among US hands-off highway systems. Same operational ceiling: highway lane-keeping, no city driving.

BMW Personal Pilot L3 (discontinued)

BMW
L3 (discontinued)
Level 3: never offered in the US; discontinued

Where it works: Germany only: eyes-off at up to 60 km/h (37 mph) on motorways with structurally separated carriageways, including in the dark (BMW, November 2023).

Vehicles: 7 Series, Germany only (fitted from March 2024 until the 2027 facelift)

Availability: Discontinued: BMW dropped it with the 7 Series facelift unveiled April 22, 2026 (electrive, February 23, 2026; BMWBlog, March 17, 2026, quoting BMW development chief Joachim Post that demand 'was not at a stage where we could be profitable'). The facelifted 7 Series offers BMW Symbiotic Drive, BMW's name for its Level 2 assistance systems.

Notes

BMW offered it exclusively in Germany (€6,000), so it was never available in the US. In the US, BMW's hands-off system is Highway Assistant, a Level 2 system that lets the driver take their hands off the wheel on suitable limited-access divided highways at up to 85 mph (BMW USA, e.g. the 2026 iX with Driving Assistant Professional); this tracker does not profile it. Listed for query coverage: readers searching 'BMW Personal Pilot US' deserve a clean answer.

SAE autonomy levels: the quick reference

The SAE J3016 framework is the global standard for talking about vehicle automation. The single most useful distinction: at L2 and below, the driver is legally responsible. At L3 and above, the system is, while engaged.

An important nuance often missed: the SAE level reflects who accepts legal responsibility, not how capable the system is. A more-capable system can sit at a lower SAE level if the manufacturer chooses to keep liability with the driver. Tesla FSD is the clearest example: classified L2 because Tesla doesn't accept liability while engaged, yet it handles the intersections, traffic lights, and stop signs that every L2+ hands-off competitor leaves to the driver.

L0
No automation

Driver does everything. Adaptive cruise control alone is L0/L1 depending on integration.

Examples: Basic forward-collision warning, blind-spot monitoring.

L1
Driver assistance

System controls either steering OR speed, never both.

Examples: Adaptive cruise control without lane-keeping. Lane-keeping without ACC.

L2
Partial automation

System controls steering AND speed. Driver must monitor and be ready to take over at any time, hands on or off the wheel depending on the specific system. The SAE level reflects who is legally responsible; it is NOT a ranking of how capable the system is. Tesla FSD is L2 because Tesla doesn't accept liability while engaged, but functionally it handles intersections and city streets that mapped-highway L2+ systems explicitly will not.

Examples: Tesla Autopilot, Tesla FSD (Supervised). Most consumer ADAS sits here.

L2+
Hands-off, eyes-on (industry term, not formal SAE)

Same legal status as L2 (the driver is responsible), but the system permits hands-off operation in a defined road network, with eye-tracking enforcing attention. In practice this means lane-keeping, mostly on mapped or controlled-access divided highways; Rivian's extends hands-off lane-keeping to some rural and city roads. None of the L2+ systems below handle intersections, traffic lights, or stop signs.

Examples: GM Super Cruise, Ford BlueCruise, Nissan ProPILOT 2.0/2.1, Rivian Universal Hands-Free, Subaru Highway Hands-Free Assist.

L3
Conditional automation

Eyes OFF allowed within a strict operational design domain (specific roads, speeds, weather). The SYSTEM is responsible while engaged; the driver must take over when prompted.

Examples: Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot (was the only L3 certified for US public roads, CA + NV), but Mercedes paused it in January 2026, so no new US car offers an L3 system.

L4
High automation

No human driver required within the operational design domain. The vehicle handles all edge cases or pulls over safely.

Examples: Waymo, Zoox, Motional (target), Tesla Robotaxi (within geofence).

L5
Full automation

No operational design domain: any road, any condition, no human input ever needed.

Examples: No production system exists at L5 as of 2026.

US autonomy regulation: what changed recently

The rules move almost as fast as the operators. The federal and state actions below directly shape where and how robotaxis can scale.

  • Nevada authorizes three operators for paid driverless service in Clark County August 20, 2026

    Approved: Waymo began paid service under its permit on September 14, 2026; Tesla and Aviari not yet carrying passengers under theirs as of November 9, 2026

    The Nevada Transportation Authority voted unanimously to approve Autonomous Vehicle Network Company applications from three operators in a single general session: Tesla Robotaxi, LLC (up to 5,000 fully autonomous vehicles in the permit's first 12 months), Waymo LLC (1,000) and Aviari Services, LLC, an Uber subsidiary (1,000).

    Read more

    Each may carry paying passengers in fully autonomous vehicles within Clark County, subject to the Authority-approved operational design domain. Zoox's own Authority permit (AVNC 001) limited it to 100 fully autonomous vehicles in the 12 months following its original permit of September 25, 2025, so as of August 20, 2026 the authorized ceilings in the county came to 7,100 vehicles. Zoox's limit ran to September 25, 2026, and its permit, still the one the Authority posts (checked November 7, 2026), states no limit after that, so no current county-wide total can be given. Conditions are identical across the three: vehicle inspection documentation, insurance, rates filed with the Authority before service begins, the customer-facing app submitted for review, accessibility and nondiscrimination compliance, crash and incident reporting under NRS 706B.260, maintenance and inspection records under NRS 706B.220, a 24-hour emergency contact for first responders, and prior Authority approval for any change to the operational design domain. The approved area includes Harry Reid International Airport, but airport service additionally requires authorization from the Clark County Department of Aviation. Operations must commence within 120 days of permit issuance, and no company may transport passengers until every requirement is met. Two caveats on reading the caps: they are ceilings, not fleets (Tesla representatives told the Authority they do not intend to field 5,000 vehicles immediately), and Uber has said it will fill its Aviari permit through partners (Motional and Zoox) rather than operating its own fleet. This supersedes the interim 10-vehicle Strip-corridor permit Tesla received on July 27, 2026. First use: Waymo opened paid public rides in Las Vegas on September 14, 2026, by rolling invitation across roughly 24 square miles, making it the first of the three to carry paying passengers under these permits. As of November 9, 2026 Tesla and Aviari had not begun service under theirs (Tesla lists Las Vegas as coming soon, with no date), and each still has the 120 days from permit issuance to do so. Airport access remains separate: Zoox, under its earlier permit, began serving Harry Reid International Airport on September 3, 2026 with the Clark County Department of Aviation's approval, and Waymo opened the airport to its current Las Vegas riders on October 21, 2026, after its own authorization.

  • Two routes onto the road for a vehicle with no driver controls: exemption vs. self-certification July 30, 2026 (Zoox exemption), September 3, 2026 (NHTSA Audit Query AQ26002), September 10, 2026 (Special Order to Tesla) and October 30, 2026 (Tesla's response)

    Live question: One exemption granted, one certification under federal audit (escalated to a Special Order on September 10, 2026; Tesla responded on October 30, 2026, under a confidentiality request)

    A robotaxi built with no steering wheel, pedals or mirrors cannot simply comply with standards written on the assumption that a human drives it. Two operators have now taken two different routes, and the difference matters for how fast either can scale.

    Read more

    ROUTE ONE, EXEMPTION: NHTSA granted Zoox a temporary commercial exemption on July 30, 2026 covering up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years, waiving eight FMVSS and carrying what NHTSA calls an enhanced, adaptable oversight structure. It is explicit permission, and it is capped. ROUTE TWO, SELF-CERTIFICATION: Tesla self-certified that the Cybercab complies with all applicable FMVSS, treating certain standards as inapplicable to a vehicle with no manual controls. Self-certification carries no volume cap. On September 3, 2026 NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation opened Audit Query AQ26002, estimated population 1,000 Cybercab vehicles, to examine the process and technical data on which Tesla relied when certifying the vehicle, including the extent to which that certification depended on determinations that certain FMVSS are inapplicable. An Audit Query is an inquiry into a certification record. It is not a finding of defect, not a recall, and it has not restricted Cybercab operation, which began in Austin on September 4, 2026. On September 10, 2026 NHTSA escalated with a Special Order, signed by Chief Counsel Peter Simshauser, legally requiring Tesla to answer 21 numbered requests about the certification (among them which standards it treated as applicable and whether temporarily attached human driver controls were part of its basis) in a sworn response due September 30, 2026. That is a stronger instrument, since it compels sworn answers, but it is still a demand for information, not a finding of noncompliance. Tesla asked on September 18, 2026 for an eight-week extension to November 20; NHTSA granted 30 days on September 22, moving the sworn response to October 30, 2026 (NHTSA memo to file, September 29, 2026). Tesla responded on October 30 and asked NHTSA to keep the response confidential: the public version of its response letter says the entire file is confidential business information, and NHTSA posted a notice that the remaining documents answering Question 8 (how Tesla determined compliance with each standard) are under a confidentiality request in full. NHTSA has not said whether it will grant those requests; its investigation record, checked November 9, 2026, still lists the audit query as open, and Tesla's Cybercab FAQ still lists Cybercab rides in Austin (checked the same day). The underlying ambiguity is one NHTSA has said it intends to remove: its July 2026 framework announced plans to update FMVSS Nos. 101, 108, 111, 126 and 201/208 so that, once complete, individual vehicle exemptions may no longer be necessary. One of those proposals, for FMVSS No. 108 (lighting), was published in the Federal Register on October 26, 2026, with comments due November 25, 2026 (see below). Until that rulemaking lands, the pathway question stays open, and it applies to every manufacturer building a vehicle without driver controls.

  • DOT/NHTSA AV Framework: national performance standards + Zoox exemption July 30, 2026 (Federal Register notice published July 31, 2026; comment period extended August 31, 2026)

    Announced: FMVSS updates pending, interim-guidance comment period closed September 30, 2026

    Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy directed NHTSA to accelerate development of the first national AV performance standards and to loosen the exemption path for vehicles built without manual controls.

    Read more

    Three concrete pieces: (1) NHTSA granted Zoox a temporary commercial exemption (up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years), the first of its kind for a purpose-built robotaxi; (2) NHTSA stated its intention to update FMVSS No. 101 (controls and displays), 108 (lighting), 111 (mirrors and rearview display), 126 (electronic stability control), and 201/208 (sun visors and warning labels), with the stated goal that once complete, individual vehicle exemptions may no longer be necessary; (3) a Federal Register notice published July 31, 2026 requests public comment on interim guidance for commercial deployment exemptions. This supersedes the withdrawn AV STEP approach below as the operative federal direction. Comment deadline: comments on the interim guidance were originally due August 31, 2026, and NHTSA extended the period to September 30, 2026 at the request of the Alliance for Automotive Innovation. A companion interim final rule, effective July 31, 2026, amended the Part 555 exemption regulations so that a temporary exemption can cover vehicles built before the exemption takes effect, with its comment period likewise extended to September 30, 2026. Follow-through on the performance standard: on September 17, 2026 NHTSA Administrator Jonathan Morrison announced a cooperative agreement with SAE International to run A2SCEND (Advancing America's Safety and Competitiveness for the Evolution of National Deployments), a consortium funded at $5 million over three years whose stated top priority is ADS driving competency, to inform a federal motor vehicle safety standard for automated driving systems. No date has been given for that standard.

  • AV Emergency Response Coordination Act (H.R. 10033) Announced July 28, 2026; formally introduced August 3, 2026

    Introduced: Not law; no action since committee referral

    Rep. Kevin Mullin (D, CA-15) introduced a bill that would set the first binding federal requirements for how autonomous vehicles behave around emergencies. It would require AV operators to publish clear emergency protocols for first responders, staff a 24-hour hotline giving public officials direct access to the company, direct NHTSA to develop minimum national emergency-response standards, and create a process letting public officials geofence AVs (restrict where they operate) during emergencies or ongoing safety hazards.

    Read more

    Mullin announced it at a San Francisco press conference alongside the mayor, the fire and police chiefs, SFMTA, and Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety. Like the SELF DRIVE Act below, it is introduced legislation only; track as pending, not law. It was formally introduced as H.R. 10033 on August 3, 2026 and referred to the House Transportation and Infrastructure and Energy and Commerce committees; as of November 9, 2026 congress.gov lists no cosponsors and no further action.

  • NHTSA directive: AV first-responder remediation plans July 8, 2026 (deadline July 31, 2026)

    Deadline passed: July 31, 2026; submissions not public, no NHTSA outcome announced

    NHTSA Administrator Jonathan Morrison publicly directed autonomous-vehicle developers to submit remediation plans by the end of July 2026 for robotaxis interfering with active emergency scenes: entering emergency areas, blocking ambulances or fire trucks, or failing to respond to flashing lights, flares, smoke, and cones.

    Read more

    Morrison characterized this as a 'functional insufficiency' rather than a rare edge case, with enforcement on the table, and said NHTSA would meet with developers before month-end. It is widely read as aimed at the largest US operator, Waymo. NHTSA also signaled it will seek public and industry comment toward defining objective 'behavioral competencies' and test standards for how AVs perform around emergency scenes. Status update: the July 31, 2026 deadline has now passed. No operator's submission has been made public, and NHTSA has announced no outcome or enforcement action, so nothing is currently known about whether or how developers responded. Absence of a public filing is not evidence of non-compliance. As of November 9, 2026 no submission or enforcement outcome had been published (NHTSA's press releases and the Federal Register). In announcing the A2SCEND standards consortium on September 17, 2026 (see the AV Framework entry), Administrator Morrison listed emergency-responder interactions among the priority areas for NHTSA's updated AV guidance.

  • NHTSA lighting NPRM (FMVSS No. 108) for vehicles with no manual controls October 26, 2026 (Federal Register, document 2026-21794, 91 FR 67243)

    Proposed: Published in the Federal Register on October 26, 2026; comments due November 25, 2026

    One of the FMVSS updates NHTSA listed in its July 2026 AV framework. NHTSA proposes to modernize Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 (lamps, reflective devices and associated equipment) so that certain of its manual-control and telltale requirements apply only to vehicles that have manual driving controls, which purpose-built robotaxis such as the Zoox robotaxi and the Tesla Cybercab do not, and to allow cyan automated-driving-system marker lamps as optional equipment.

    Read more

    It also proposes changes to headlamp test voltage and vertical headlamp arrangements. The proposal sits alongside the June 2026 brake-pedal proposal (FMVSS No. 135, below); neither is a final rule. Docket NHTSA-2026-1519, RIN 2127-AM70.

  • NHTSA brake-pedal NPRM (FMVSS No. 135) June 25, 2026

    Proposed: Comment period closed August 26, 2026; no final rule yet

    NHTSA proposed amending Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 135 to drop manual brake-control (pedal) requirements for vehicles designed to never have a human driver, i.e. purpose-built robotaxis like Zoox.

    Read more

    Braking-performance and stopping-distance standards are preserved; nothing changes for vehicles with manual controls. The comment period, originally set to end July 27, 2026, was extended to August 26, 2026 (Federal Register, July 28, 2026) and has now closed; no final rule had been published in the Federal Register as of November 9, 2026. A meaningful step toward letting no-steering-wheel/no-pedal robotaxis operate at scale.

  • NHTSA withdraws the AV STEP evaluation framework June 26, 2026

    Withdrawn

    NHTSA withdrew the proposed 'AV STEP' program, the Biden-era voluntary national framework for evaluating automated-driving systems. The federal approach is shifting toward targeted FMVSS modernization (above) rather than a new voluntary evaluation regime.

  • SELF DRIVE Act of 2026 (H.R. 7390) Introduced February 2026

    Pending: Not law

    The first dedicated federal autonomous-vehicle bill of this Congress. Introduced February 5, 2026 and advanced out of subcommittee February 10 on a narrow 12 to 11 vote.

    Read more

    Aims to set a national framework (and FMVSS exemptions) for AVs, but is not enacted; track as pending. As of November 9, 2026, congress.gov lists no full-committee markup or floor action after the February subcommittee vote.

  • California DMV adds Zoox to its deployment permit list November 5, 2026 (date of the DMV list)

    Approved: Listed by the DMV as of November 5, 2026; paid rides also need a CPUC deployment permit, which Zoox does not hold

    The California DMV's permit page, dated November 5, 2026, lists Zoox among the holders of an autonomous-vehicle deployment permit, alongside Waymo, Nuro and Mercedes-Benz; in October 2026 the DMV listed Zoox with a driverless testing permit only.

    Read more

    Its approved deployment areas are northeastern San Francisco, parts of West Los Angeles (including Santa Monica, Venice, Culver City and Inglewood), Hayward and Foster City, on roads posted up to 45 mph at all times of day. A DMV deployment permit covers operating the vehicles; carrying paying passengers also takes a CPUC driverless deployment permit, and the CPUC still lists Zoox with pilot permits only, under which rides must be free (checked November 9, 2026).

  • California DMV: new AV rules + enforcement April 28, 2026

    Finalized

    California finalized rules that lift the ban on autonomous vehicles over 10,001 lbs (allowing driverless freight trucks), permit medium-duty AV transit, and add enforcement teeth: a roadside 'Notice of AV Noncompliance' to manufacturers from July 1, 2026 (72-hour response), plus geofencing directives and a 30-second first-responder response requirement.

    Source: dmv.ca.gov
  • Texas SB 2807: AV permit requirement Effective Sept 1, 2025; commercial authorization required from May 28, 2026

    In effect

    Texas's autonomous-vehicle law took effect September 1, 2025; the requirement for a state (TxDMV) authorization before commercial driverless operation became enforceable May 28, 2026. Relevant because Texas hosts Waymo, Tesla Robotaxi, and Avride.

    Source: txdmv.gov

Frequently asked questions

In which US cities can I ride a robotaxi today?

As of November 2026, members of the public can ride a robotaxi in 17 US metros, and in 15 of them at least one service is fully driverless.

  • Waymo: San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, Orlando, Tampa, Miami and Nashville (driverless, open to all); Atlanta and Austin (driverless, via the Uber app, match not guaranteed); Denver and Las Vegas (driverless, by invitation).
  • Tesla Robotaxi: Austin, Dallas, Houston, Orlando, Tampa and Miami (some cars driverless, open to all); San Antonio (open to all); San Francisco (safety driver aboard, no published booking route).
  • Zoox: Las Vegas (driverless, open to all); San Francisco (driverless, from a public waitlist).
  • Motional: Las Vegas (safety monitor aboard, via the Uber app, match not guaranteed).
  • May Mobility: Atlanta, Grand Rapids, MN and Eden Prairie, MN (operator aboard, open to all).
  • Avride: Dallas (safety driver aboard, via the Uber app, match not guaranteed).
  • Employee-only rides: Zoox in Austin and Miami; Nuro in San Francisco.
  • Preparing or permitted, with no riders yet: Tesla Robotaxi in Phoenix and Las Vegas.

Each metro has its own guide, linked from the city table on this page.

Which robotaxi services are fully driverless in 2026?

In the US, Waymo and Zoox run fully driverless robotaxis that the public can ride, and Tesla Robotaxi runs part of its fleet with no one aboard.

Waymo is fully driverless in all 15 of its metros; anyone can ride in 11 of them, while Denver and Las Vegas are still by invitation; in Atlanta and Austin its cars can only be matched to an ordinary ride request in the Uber app, with no way to book one directly.

Zoox's purpose-built robotaxi, which has no steering wheel or pedals, carries paying riders on the Las Vegas Strip and free riders in San Francisco, where anyone can join its app waitlist. Tesla Robotaxi runs some cars with no one aboard in 6 metros (Austin, Dallas, Houston, Miami, Orlando and Tampa), mixed with cars that still carry a safety monitor, and does not say how many are which; its Bay Area cars all have a safety driver, and it has not said whether cars in San Antonio carry a monitor.

As of November 2026, fully driverless robotaxis that the public can book run in two countries outside the US: China and the United Arab Emirates.

  • In China: Baidu Apollo Go (several cities in mainland China), Pony.ai (Beijing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen) and WeRide (Beijing and Guangzhou).
  • In the United Arab Emirates: Baidu Apollo Go (Dubai) and WeRide (Abu Dhabi and Dubai).

Elsewhere, public international service carries a safety operator (Pony.ai in Zagreb and Doha; Wayve in London), is not described as driverless by its operators (Singapore and South Korea), or is testing only. AutoX's current status is unverified: no verifiable public update since July 2024. "Fully driverless" here means no safety operator or driver aboard; every one of these services still runs only inside a defined service area.

Is Tesla FSD self-driving?

No. Tesla FSD (Supervised) is SAE Level 2: the driver must keep watching the road and stays legally responsible, because Tesla does not accept liability while it is engaged.

In scope it handles more driving than any other production system: city streets, intersections, traffic lights, stop signs, unprotected turns, parking and highways. The hands-off L2+ competitors (GM Super Cruise, Ford BlueCruise, Nissan ProPILOT Assist 2.0 / 2.1, Rivian Autonomy+ / Universal Hands-Free and Subaru Highway Hands-Free Assist) each work only on a defined road network (mostly mapped or controlled-access highways, though Rivian Autonomy+ / Universal Hands-Free also covers some non-highway roads), and none of them handles intersections, traffic lights, or stop signs.

Tesla's Robotaxi service (8 metros in Texas, Florida and California) runs an unsupervised variant of the same FSD stack inside a geofence on some of its cars, while others still carry a safety monitor, and California requires a safety driver.

Which production EVs let me drive hands-free?

Five systems this tracker profiles let you drive hands-off, eyes on the road, each only on a defined road network: GM Super Cruise, Ford BlueCruise, Nissan ProPILOT Assist 2.0 / 2.1, Rivian Autonomy+ / Universal Hands-Free and Subaru Highway Hands-Free Assist.

  • GM Super Cruise: mapped, divided highways in the US and Canada (Cadillac Lyriq, Cadillac Vistiq, Cadillac Escalade IQ, Cadillac CT5, Chevrolet Silverado EV, Chevrolet Equinox EV, Chevrolet Blazer EV, GMC Sierra EV, GMC Hummer EV).
  • Ford BlueCruise: Ford's pre-mapped 'Hands-Free Blue Zones', which Ford says cover 97% of controlled-access highways in the US and Canada (2021+ Mustang Mach-E, 2021+ F-150, 2022-2025 F-150 Lightning, 2022+ Expedition, 2024+ Explorer, 2022+ Lincoln Navigator, 2023+ Lincoln Corsair, 2024+ Lincoln Nautilus, 2025 Lincoln Aviator).
  • Nissan ProPILOT Assist 2.0 / 2.1: compatible roads Nissan defines as controlled-access divided highways in the lower 48 states and DC, in a single lane (2025+ Nissan Rogue SL and Platinum, 2026 Nissan Murano with the Platinum Technology package, 2026 Nissan Armada, Infiniti QX60 Autograph with the Technology Package, Infiniti QX80, 2023-2025 Nissan Ariya Empower+ and Platinum+ (version 2.0)).
  • Rivian Autonomy+ / Universal Hands-Free: about 3.5 million miles of US and Canadian roads, including rural and some city streets; lane-keeping only, with no response to traffic lights or stop signs (R1S (Gen 2), R1T (Gen 2), R2).
  • Subaru Highway Hands-Free Assist: most US highways with at least two lanes, at up to 85 mph, per Subaru (2026 Outback Touring, 2026 Outback Touring XT).

None of them handles intersections, traffic lights, or stop signs, and the driver must keep watching the road. Sources disagree on the size of GM's network (GM has announced 750,000 miles; 2026 reporting cites 600,000-700,000; GM's April and August 2026 releases give no figure), so we state none.

Others exist: BMW's Highway Assistant, for example, is hands-off on suitable US highways at up to 85 mph. Tesla FSD covers far more roads, city streets and intersections included, but is hands-on and eyes-on at all times because Tesla classifies it as supervised.

Can I buy a Level 3 (eyes-off) car in the US in 2026?

Not on a new car.

Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot was the only SAE Level 3 system certified for US public roads (California and Nevada, ≤40 mph on mapped highways). Mercedes paused it in January 2026: it is not offered on the facelifted S-Class, and Mercedes said in January 2026 that another system would come within two or three years.

Its next US system, MB.DRIVE ASSIST PRO, is listed by Mercedes-Benz USA as coming soon: an SAE Level 2 system that navigates highways and city streets under driver supervision. Mercedes does not say whether its city driving is hands-free, and outlets disagree. BMW dropped its Germany-only Personal Pilot L3, and Honda Sensing Elite L3 remains Japan-only.

So as of November 9, 2026 no new US vehicle is sold with an eyes-off L3 system.

What is the current status of Tesla's Robotaxi service?

Tesla Robotaxi runs in 8 US metros (Austin, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, Miami, Orlando, Tampa and San Francisco Bay Area), but only part of each fleet drives with no one aboard, and every Bay Area car carries a safety driver.

In Austin, Dallas, Houston, Miami, Orlando and Tampa, Tesla's Q2 2026 disclosure lists the service as "Ramping Unsupervised": some cars run with no one aboard while others still carry a safety monitor, and Tesla does not say how many are which. Tesla opened Fort Worth, a service area separate from Dallas, on November 2, 2026 and San Antonio on November 9, 2026, and its launch posts did not say whether cars there carry a monitor.

The Bay Area service runs under a California charter-party (limousine) permit with a safety driver, and Tesla's Robotaxi page and support FAQ do not list the Bay Area among the places riders can hail a car (checked November 9, 2026). Scale: Tesla discloses no fleet count.

The Texas registry listed 739 Tesla vehicles as of about October 9, 2026 (420 Model Y plus 319 Cybercab; reported by two outlets, not confirmed by Tesla), with 319 Cybercabs by about October 10, when Tesla said more than 300 Cybercabs were serving Austin; Texas filings authorized 42 vehicles as recently as June 2, 2026.

Those are registrations, not cars running driverless. Tesla does publish mileage: nearly two million cumulative unsupervised miles at the end of September (its Q3 2026 Update) and 3.1 million miles with no safety monitor aboard from January 22 to October 18, 2026 (its Robotaxi Safety Report).

The two-seat, controls-free Cybercab joined the public fleet in a limited area of Austin on September 4, 2026; riders cannot request one specifically, and Tesla said on October 21, 2026 that Cybercab rides would reach Dallas in November 2026, which had not happened by November 9.

NHTSA opened an Audit Query on September 3, 2026 into how Tesla certified the Cybercab against federal motor vehicle safety standards and escalated on September 10 with a Special Order requiring sworn answers; Tesla responded on its extended October 30, 2026 deadline, under a confidentiality request.

Neither is a defect finding or a recall, and neither has restricted Cybercab service. Tesla lists Phoenix, Las Vegas and Jacksonville as coming soon, without dates. In Nevada an interim permit on July 27, 2026 capped Tesla at 10 vehicles on the Las Vegas Strip corridor, and on August 20, 2026 the Transportation Authority approved up to 5,000 vehicles across Clark County in the permit's first 12 months: a ceiling, not a fleet, and service has not started.

Tesla said on October 21, 2026 that customer-owned cars could join the Robotaxi fleet with unsupervised FSD around Q2 2027. The Tesla Robotaxi card on this page has the full history.

What is the current status of Waymo?

Waymo runs fully driverless public robotaxi rides in 15 US metros, the most of any US operator, with a fleet of roughly 4,000 vehicles and more than 500,000 paid rides a week.

Anyone can ride in 11 of them; Denver and Las Vegas are still by invitation; in Atlanta and Austin its cars can only be matched to an ordinary ride request in the Uber app, with no way to book one directly. Freeway rides, paused in late May 2026, began returning on July 29, 2026 starting with Phoenix and reached select Uber rides in Austin in late September; surface streets were not affected by the pause.

Airport rides: Waymo opened Nashville International on October 13, 2026 and Las Vegas Harry Reid on October 21, 2026, both for a limited number of riders at first, and its Help Center lists SFO pickups at the Rental Car Center and the Grand Hyatt at SFO for a limited number of riders; the San Francisco Chronicle reported SFO access effectively paused in July 2026, and the Help Center listed the same pickups after that report and still does.

San Antonio service, paused after flooding in April 2026, resumed on September 17, 2026. Waymo lists 17 markets as up next (15 US cities plus London and Tokyo) and has set 2027 as its target for public riders in Tokyo and 2028 for Singapore: stated intentions, not launch dates.

It has passed 20 million lifetime paid trips and restates goals of 20+ cities and 1 million weekly trips. The Waymo card on this page has the full history.

What is the current status of Zoox?

As of November 2026, Zoox, Amazon's robotaxi arm, charges for rides on the Las Vegas Strip, including trips to and from Harry Reid International Airport since September 3, 2026, and runs a free service in San Francisco, using a purpose-built vehicle with no steering wheel or pedals.

Because that vehicle has no manual driving controls, it needed an exemption from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards before it could charge, and on July 30, 2026 NHTSA granted one, the first commercial exemption of its kind for a purpose-built robotaxi, covering up to 2,500 vehicles annually for two years and waiving eight FMVSS.

Paid service began in Las Vegas on August 10, 2026; the fare is a base charge plus distance and time, quoted in full before you confirm and honored even if the car takes a longer route, with destination fees at Harry Reid airport, Sphere and T-Mobile Arena.

San Francisco is a different situation and is not next in line: anyone can download the app and join the waitlist there, but the rides are free because Zoox holds only CPUC Pilot permits, which prohibit charging fares, and it has said it has no plan to begin paid service in San Francisco.

The California DMV listed Zoox among its deployment permit holders as of November 5, 2026, covering parts of San Francisco, West Los Angeles, Hayward and Foster City, but that permit does not allow fares without a CPUC deployment permit. Austin, and since April 23, 2026 Miami, are employee and friends-and-family access.

Beyond those three, Zoox has a testing and mapping footprint of twelve US locations after adding Houston and San Diego on September 1, 2026, but those markets carry no passengers at all, and Zoox has given no timeline for passenger service in the newest two.

Zoox's own figures: autonomous miles, nearly 2 million as of March 2026 (Zoox figure; no newer count published, and riders have since grown from ~350,000 to nearly 1 million, so the true figure is higher); riders, nearly 1 million riders across Las Vegas, San Francisco, Austin and Miami since the free service launched (Zoox figure, reported Aug 5, 2026); Las Vegas alone accounts for 500,000+ rides.

Tesla Robotaxi vs Waymo: how do they compare?

Waymo runs by far the larger driverless service today: 15 US metros, about 4,000 vehicles and more than 500,000 paid rides a week, all with no one aboard.

Tesla Robotaxi runs in 8 metros across Texas, Florida and California, but only part of each fleet drives with no one aboard, Tesla does not say how much, and every Bay Area car carries a safety driver. The two take different approaches: Waymo relies on HD-mapped cities and a lidar-heavy sensor stack, while Tesla runs a vision-only version of the FSD software that already runs, supervised, behind 1.74M active FSD subscriptions (Tesla's metric: includes upfront purchases, excludes free trials).

Tesla's closest scale figure is the Texas registry, which two outlets report listed 739 Tesla autonomous vehicles as of about October 9, 2026, not confirmed by Tesla: registrations, not cars running driverless. Musk has tied real scale to the FSD v15 rewrite expected in late 2026 or early 2027.

In Nevada, the Transportation Authority authorized Tesla for up to 5,000 vehicles across Clark County on August 20, 2026, alongside Waymo (1,000) and Uber subsidiary Aviari (1,000): ceilings, not fleets. Waymo began paid Las Vegas rides under its permit on September 14, 2026; Tesla and Aviari had not started under theirs as of November 9, 2026.

Are robotaxis safer than human drivers?

Independent evidence exists for one operator only, Waymo, and it does not transfer to the rest.

The first independent per-mile crash benchmark of a driverless fleet was published by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) on July 23, 2026. Measured per vehicle mile traveled against human drivers in the same cities and years, Waymo's rider-only vehicles were involved in 68% fewer police-reportable crashes overall, 85% fewer single-vehicle crashes, and 81% fewer injury crashes.

The metro-level picture is uneven and worth stating plainly: 76% lower in Phoenix, 71% lower in Los Angeles, and 35% lower in San Francisco, but 4% HIGHER in Austin, where IIHS notes the sample was relatively small and draws no firm conclusion.

  • Scope: roughly 50 million Waymo rider-only miles (2021-2024) compared against roughly 222 billion human-driven miles across those four metros.
  • Method: built from NHTSA Standing General Order crash reports, with redundant and non-qualifying records culled and a police-reportability standard then applied: only about 22% of the 736 automation-engaged public-road crashes were judged likely police-reportable, and of Waymo's 89 police-reportable involvements 64 occurred in fully driverless operation.

Three caveats are essential to reading this honestly: (1) Waymo and Tesla both publish the miles their robotaxis drive without a safety driver or safety monitor aboard (Waymo's rider-only miles; Tesla's Robotaxi Safety Report), but they are not on the same footing: Waymo's mileage, which it supplied to IIHS voluntarily, has been independently analysed in this study, while Tesla's figures are self-reported and not independently audited, so this finding says nothing about Tesla Robotaxi, Zoox, or anyone else; (2) the Austin sample is small; and (3) IIHS itself cautions that the present data-collection system 'isn't good enough to allow continuous monitoring of a large-scale expansion.' IIHS is funded by the auto-insurance industry; there is no indication that Waymo funded the research.

The honest summary: the best available independent research shows a large per-mile safety benefit for Waymo in three of the four metros studied, with Austin the exception, and that result cannot be extended to Tesla Robotaxi, Zoox, or any other operator.

What happened to Cruise?

GM wound down Cruise robotaxi operations in December 2024, citing the cost and time required to scale a competitive robotaxi business.

The decision is estimated to reduce GM spending by more than $1 billion per year. Cruise's technology and engineering talent were redirected into GM's personal-vehicle ADAS work, where Super Cruise continues to be developed.

Are there any Chinese robotaxis operating in the US?

No. Baidu Apollo Go (one of the world's largest operators: weekly driverless rides peaked above ~350,000 in March 2026, though regulatory-driven pauses in some Chinese cities cut its Q2 2026 total to about 1 million rides), WeRide and Pony.ai also run robotaxi services, and none of the three has a US public service.

AutoX ran fully driverless robotaxis in China but has had no verifiable public update since July 2024. Baidu, WeRide and Pony.ai have expanded internationally, several via Uber (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Zagreb). AutoX took a California driverless testing permit back in 2020 but never launched a US service and no longer appears on the California DMV's current permit lists; WeRide's US presence is a California test permit only.

The 100%+ US tariff on Chinese EVs effectively closes the door on direct vehicle imports.

What is AutoX's robotaxi status in 2026?

Status unverified: there has been no verifiable public update on AutoX's operations since July 2024.

AutoX was among the first operators anywhere to run robotaxis on public roads with no safety driver, in Shenzhen from December 2020, and in July 2024 Shanghai licensed it, alongside SAIC, Baidu and Pony.ai, for driverless demonstration service. We found no newer city, fleet or ride figure from the company or a regulator, so this tracker does not say whether its Shenzhen or Shanghai service is running today.

No US service: AutoX took a California driverless testing permit in 2020 but never launched a US service, and it no longer appears on any of the California DMV's current permit lists (drivered testing, driverless testing or deployment).

Is the Uber robotaxi service real?

Yes, but Uber runs no robotaxis of its own; it matches riders with partners' cars.

It does now hold operating authority in its own name: its subsidiary Aviari Services was approved on August 20, 2026 for up to 1,000 autonomous vehicles in Clark County, Nevada, and Uber has said it will fill that permit through Motional and Zoox rather than running its own cars.

In the US, riders in Atlanta and Austin can be matched with a driverless Waymo when they request an eligible ride in the Uber app, with no way to book one directly, and Avride (Dallas) and Motional (Las Vegas) are matched the same way, both with a safety operator aboard.

Uber's expanded deal with Lucid and Nuro now covers at least 35,000 Lucid vehicles (up from the 20,000 announced in July 2025), with Uber's total investment in Lucid reaching about $500M; Lucid builds the cars, Nuro supplies the Level 4 self-driving system, and first service is targeted for the San Francisco Bay Area later in 2026.

Internationally: WeRide (Dubai and Abu Dhabi, fully driverless; Riyadh), Baidu Apollo Go (Dubai, fully driverless, on Uber since August 20, 2026), Wayve (London with a safety driver; Tokyo with Nissan in preparation), and Pony.ai (Zagreb, with an onboard operator).

How much does a robotaxi ride cost?

It depends on the operator and the city, and most operators publish no rate card.

  • Waymo publishes a rate for one metro: in Las Vegas, a base rate of $9.49, plus $1.23 a mile and $0.45 a minute, on top of Waymo's usual pricing factors such as demand (Waymo Help Center, accessed November 7, 2026).
  • Elsewhere Waymo publishes no rate card: its Help Center says a fare is built from a minimum price, the trip's distance and time on the most direct route, and factors such as demand, tolls and airport fees, and the app shows an estimate before you book.

The most widely reported independent price tracking, by Obi, covers San Francisco only, and it has consistently found Waymo dearer on average than Uber and Lyft: about 30 to 40% more in spring 2025, narrowing to about 13% more than Uber and 27% more than Lyft over the 2025 holidays, before Waymo's average fare rose faster than either rival's in March and April 2026.

Waymo also sells an invite-only 'Waymo Premier' membership at $29.99 a month. Zoox has charged fares in Las Vegas since August 10, 2026, after NHTSA's July 30 exemption for its vehicle with no steering wheel or pedals: a base fare plus distance and time, shown in full before you confirm, with destination fees at Harry Reid International Airport, Sphere and T-Mobile Arena.

Zoox has published no base fare, saying only that it aims to be competitive with ride-hail 'comfort' tiers. San Francisco rides are free, because Zoox holds only CPUC pilot permits there, which bar charging fares. Tesla Robotaxi opened in Austin in June 2025 at a flat $4.20 a ride and has since moved to a base fare plus a per-mile rate: Austin rides were reported at $3.00 plus $1.40 a mile in March 2026 (Not a Tesla App, March 12; The Driven, March 17).

Tesla publishes no rate card, fares in its other metros have not been consistently reported, and we found no later change reported as of September 24, 2026. In San Francisco, where its service carries a safety driver, Obi's March and April 2026 tracking found Tesla the cheapest of Tesla, Waymo, Uber and Lyft, at roughly half Waymo's average fare.

International operators (Baidu Apollo Go, WeRide, Pony.ai) set fares in their own markets; this tracker does not compare them.

Can a robotaxi get a traffic ticket in California?

Starting July 1, 2026, yes.

Under new California DMV rules (approved April 28, 2026, implementing AB 1777), police can issue a 'notice of noncompliance' to the autonomous-vehicle company when a driverless car commits a moving violation. Previously, with no human driver, officers could only write parking tickets. The AV operator is effectively treated as the driver and must report each notice to the DMV within 72 hours (24 hours for a serious incident like a crash).

Repeat or serious violations can lead the DMV to restrict or suspend a company's permit.

What is SAE Level 4 vs Level 5?

Level 4 means no human driver required, but only within a defined operational design domain, e.g. specific cities, weather conditions, or speeds.

Every robotaxi operating commercially today is L4. Level 5 means full automation everywhere, in any conditions. No production system exists at L5 in 2026 and no operator is publicly claiming a near-term L5 product.

Related on The Charge Port

Dig into the vehicles that ship these driver-assist systems, or jump to our other research tools.

Vehicles with these driver-assist systems

Guides & tools

Methodology & sources

Every operator status, city list, and capability claim on this page is reconciled against primary sources (operator press releases, SEC filings, state DMV/CPUC records, and dated trade reporting) on a monthly cycle. Inline footnotes link to the specific source for each claim. Where two sources conflict, we cite the most recent dated record from the operator or its regulator.

What we deliberately do NOT do: rely on speculative timelines from press tours or social-media announcements without a regulatory filing or live service to corroborate. Robotaxi rollouts have historically slipped by quarters or years; only operators carrying public riders are listed as "Active" or "Limited"; an operator that is testing or holds a permit but is not yet carrying public riders is "Preparing," however large the permit.

How we handle fleet numbers: operators rarely disclose them, so most published counts are third-party estimates, and they routinely measure different things (total fleet vs. state-authorized vs. actively running vs. running unsupervised). We state a precise figure only when it comes from a document (a regulator's permit, a state filing, an SEC filing or an operator's own disclosure) or when two or more independent outlets agree on the same measured quantity. Where only one outlet has a number, we keep the estimate broad or show the full spread rather than privilege a single count. This applies to every operator equally: it is how we keep an outlet's editorial slant, in either direction, out of our numbers.

Last full verification: November 9, 2026. Refresh cycle: monthly.