Every active US robotaxi operator with city coverage and status, plus which production EVs offer hands-off or eyes-off driving. Verified monthly against operator press, SEC filings, and state DMV records.
Every operator running paid or near-paid public robotaxi service in the US as of May 2026. Status: Active = open public service; Limited = mixed availability or geofence still expanding; Preparing = announced launch, not yet riding the public.
The clear US robotaxi leader — public rides in 10 US metros, ~500K paid rides per week.
Expansion plans for 2026 include Tokyo and London. Pauses operations during heavy rain/flooding in some metros (notably parts of Texas) until weather clears.
Operates in three Texas cities. Began unsupervised evening rides in Austin May 4, 2026 — some daytime rides still carry a safety monitor in the front passenger seat. Runs an unsupervised variant of the same FSD stack Tesla ships to ~1.28M consumer subscribers.
Architecturally distinct from Waymo: Tesla deploys the same vision-only neural network used in consumer FSD inside a geofence, rather than relying on HD-mapped cities and lidar — that's the bet that scaling is faster, even if early-rollout reliability metrics lag a more mapped, sensor-rich approach. Independent tracking of Austin service in April 2026 found wait times >15 minutes about half the time. California currently classifies Tesla's in-state service as a limousine offering rather than a robotaxi (Tesla holds the entry-level DMV testing permit) and has an open state action over 'Full Self-Driving' marketing. Five additional cities (Phoenix, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, Las Vegas) announced for 1H 2026 are still in 'preparations underway' phase.
Amazon-owned, purpose-built robotaxi. Live on the Las Vegas Strip; expanding through 2026.
Las Vegas service area more than doubled in March 2026 to include the Convention Center and Strip hotels, with limited service to events at Sphere and T-Mobile Arena. San Francisco: spring 2026 launch in eastern SF (Marina, North Beach, Chinatown, Pacific Heights, Embarcadero), employees and family/friends first. Austin and Miami announced as next launch markets.
Hyundai-owned, rebooted in early 2026 with an AI-first stack. Targeting first commercial driverless service in Las Vegas by end of 2026.
Aptiv exited the Motional joint venture in 2025; Hyundai is now the sole owner. CES 2026 announcement reaffirmed a Level 4 commercial launch in Las Vegas before year-end, with a focus on AI-driven perception over rules-based stacks.
The other US AV operator — focuses on lower-speed transit and paratransit deployments rather than dense urban robotaxi.
Announced strategic ECARX partnership targeting at least a 50% reduction in all-in vehicle cost by 2028. Less consumer-visible than Waymo/Tesla because the model is partnership-driven (transit agencies + employers) rather than direct-to-rider apps.
GM wound down Cruise robotaxi operations in December 2024. The team and tech were absorbed into GM's personal-vehicle ADAS work (Super Cruise / next-gen).
GM cited the cost and time to scale a competitive robotaxi business as the reason for exit. The decision was estimated to reduce GM spending by $1B+ per year. Cruise is no longer operating a public service; included here so users searching the brand reach a current, sourced answer.
US cities with public or early-access robotaxi service as of May 2026.
| City | Operators serving |
|---|---|
| San Francisco, CA | Waymo (public) · Zoox (early access) |
| Los Angeles, CA | Waymo (public) |
| Phoenix, AZ | Waymo (public) |
| Atlanta, GA | Waymo (Uber app) |
| Austin, TX | Waymo (Uber app) · Tesla Robotaxi (Tesla app, mixed supervised/unsupervised) |
| Dallas, TX | Waymo (public) · Tesla Robotaxi (unsupervised) |
| Houston, TX | Waymo (public) · Tesla Robotaxi (unsupervised) |
| San Antonio, TX | Waymo (public) |
| Orlando, FL | Waymo (public) |
| Miami, FL | Waymo (public) |
| Las Vegas, NV | Zoox (public on Strip) · Motional (preparing for EOY 2026 launch) |
Hands-free, eyes-off, and "supervised" features by automaker. No production passenger vehicle in 2026 is L4 — only robotaxis (above) are. To weigh these cars on range, price, and charging, use our EV comparison tool.
Read this section by operational scope, not by SAE level. Tesla FSD is L2 because Tesla keeps the driver legally responsible — but in functional scope it's the only system that operates on any road, including city streets, intersections, traffic lights, and unprotected turns. The hands-off L2+ systems (Super Cruise, BlueCruise, ProPILOT 2.0, Rivian Universal Hands-Free) only engage on mapped divided highways and will not handle intersections or signals. Mercedes Drive Pilot is the only L3 (eyes-off) system certified for US roads, but only on specific highways at ≤40 mph.
| System | Highways | City streets | Intersections | Lights & signs | Hands-off |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesla FSD (Supervised) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No (supervised) |
| Mercedes Drive Pilot (L3) | Mapped highways only, ≤40 mph | No | No | No | Yes (eyes-off) |
| GM Super Cruise | Mapped highways only | No | No | No | Yes |
| Ford BlueCruise | Mapped Blue Zones only | No | No | No | Yes |
| Nissan ProPILOT 2.0 | Mapped highways only | No | No | No | Yes |
| Rivian Universal Hands-Free | Yes | Lane-keep only | No | No | Yes |
"Yes" = the system engages and handles that environment under normal conditions. "No" = the system either disengages or never engages there. Tesla FSD is the only production system that operates across all five environments — but it requires the driver to remain attentive and hands-on. Every other system on this list cedes those city-driving environments back to the human driver.
Where it works: The only production system that operates on essentially ANY road. Highways + city streets + intersections + traffic lights + stop signs + unprotected turns + roundabouts + parking. Every other hands-off system on this page is restricted to a mapped highway network and explicitly will not handle intersections or traffic signals. FSD currently has 10+ billion cumulative miles driven, ~3.8 billion of those on city streets.
Vehicles: Model 3 · Model Y · Model S · Model X · Cybertruck
Safety record: Tesla publishes a quarterly Vehicle Safety Report covering the supervised fleet. Direct safety comparison to mapped-highway-only systems isn't apples-to-apples — FSD's mileage includes city driving (statistically far more dangerous per mile than divided highway). Subject of an active NHTSA investigation and a California state action over 'Full Self-Driving' branding.
Availability: Available as Autopilot (standard on every Tesla), Enhanced Autopilot (one-time purchase), and FSD (Supervised) — either $99/month subscription or $8,000 one-time. 1.28 million active FSD subscribers as of Q1 2026 (a 51% jump from Q4 2025). Continuously updated OTA — currently on v14.2 with 'reasoning' features rolling out.
Tesla classifies FSD as Level 2 because Tesla — not the system — accepts no legal responsibility while engaged. That is a regulatory classification, not a capability ranking: by functional scope, FSD does things no other production system attempts. It also has, by an order of magnitude, the largest real-world dataset of any consumer autonomy system. The Robotaxi product (in the operators section above) runs an unsupervised variant of the same stack inside a geofence.
Where it works: Approved by the California DMV (Jun 2023) and Nevada (Jan 2023). Operates on certain limited-access highways, in daylight, at speeds up to 40 mph, behind a lead vehicle, in clear weather.
Vehicles: EQS Sedan · S-Class
Availability: Available in US (CA + NV) — the only SAE Level 3 system certified for US public roads.
Holding the L3 ground alone in the US: BMW canceled its Personal Pilot L3 program globally as part of the 2026 7 Series facelift after low uptake; Honda Sensing Elite L3 remains Japan-only.
Where it works: Hands-free ONLY on ~750,000 miles of mapped, divided highways across the US and Canada. Will not engage on city streets and does not handle intersections, traffic lights, or stop signs. Driver-facing IR camera enforces eyes-on requirement.
Vehicles: Cadillac Lyriq · Cadillac Vistiq · Cadillac Escalade IQ · Cadillac CT5 · Chevrolet Silverado EV · Chevrolet Equinox EV · Chevrolet Blazer EV · GMC Sierra EV · GMC Hummer EV
Safety record: GM reports zero crashes and zero fatalities across approximately 160 million Super Cruise miles. Important caveat: those miles are exclusively on mapped, divided highways — statistically the safest driving environment per mile. This isn't an apples-to-apples comparison with systems (like Tesla FSD) whose mileage includes city streets, intersections, and traffic lights.
Availability: Widely available across GM EV lineup (and many ICE models).
Conservative by design — a narrow operational scope is part of why the safety record is clean. GM's pivot away from Cruise robotaxi (December 2024) reinvested in Super Cruise development.
Where it works: Hands-free only on Ford's pre-mapped 'Hands-Free Blue Zones' — divided highways across the US and Canada, mileage expanding via OTA. Will not engage on city streets and does not handle intersections, traffic signals, or stop signs. Outside the mapped network, BlueCruise downgrades to hands-on Adaptive Cruise + lane centering.
Vehicles: Mustang Mach-E · F-150 Lightning · F-150 (ICE) · Explorer · Expedition · Lincoln Navigator
Safety record: Public NHTSA incident reporting lists BlueCruise involved in 11 crashes with 3 fatalities since launch. Same caveat as Super Cruise: mileage is on Blue Zone highways only, so cross-system safety comparisons (especially to systems that drive in cities) aren't apples-to-apples.
Availability: Available across Ford EV and most non-EV trucks/SUVs.
Strict eyes-on enforcement via IR-based driver-monitoring camera. Scope is highway lane-keeping with automated lane changes — not a self-driving system in the full sense.
Where it works: Hands-free on pre-mapped divided highways in the US. Includes automated lane changes and overtaking assist. Does not engage on city streets and does not handle intersections or traffic lights.
Vehicles: Nissan Ariya (select trims) · Infiniti QX60 (select trims)
Availability: Available as an option on higher trims; less broadly available than Super Cruise or BlueCruise.
The third pillar of mainstream hands-free-on-highway in the US, alongside GM Super Cruise and Ford BlueCruise. Same operational-scope ceiling: divided highway lane-keeping, no city driving.
Where it works: Started as Enhanced Highway Assist on ~135,000 miles of approved freeways. The 2025.46 OTA expanded 'Universal Hands-Free' to 3.5M+ miles of roads including rural and some city streets — but the system does NOT stop or slow for traffic lights or stop signs. Functionally it is hands-off lane-keeping with adaptive cruise on a broader road set, not a city-driving system. The driver must take every intersection, light, and stop sign.
Vehicles: R1S (Gen 2) · R1T (Gen 2)
Availability: Subscription: $49.99/mo or $2,500 one-time. 60-day trial on new R1S/R1T deliveries.
Major scope expansion announced at Rivian's 'Autonomy Day' in 2026. Positioned as a Tesla FSD competitor in marketing, but the operational scope is meaningfully narrower — Rivian's system explicitly does not handle the intersections, signals, and unprotected turns that FSD attempts.
Where it works: Germany only — operated up to 60 km/h (37 mph) on divided highways in daylight, no construction zones or tolls.
Vehicles: 7 Series (Germany only, 2023–2026)
Availability: Discontinued. The 2027 7 Series facelift drops L3 in favor of a Level 2 'Symbiotic Drive' hands-off / eyes-on system that debuted in the new iX3.
BMW publicly cited insufficient customer demand to justify continued L3 development. Listed here for query coverage — readers searching 'BMW Personal Pilot US' deserve a clean answer.
The SAE J3016 framework is the global standard for talking about vehicle automation. The single most useful distinction: at L2 and below, the driver is legally responsible — at L3 and above, the system is, while engaged.
An important nuance often missed: the SAE level reflects who accepts legal responsibility, not how capable the system is. A more-capable system can sit at a lower SAE level if the manufacturer chooses to keep liability with the driver. Tesla FSD is the clearest example — classified L2 because Tesla doesn't accept liability while engaged, yet it handles intersections, traffic lights, stop signs, and city streets that every L2+ hands-off competitor explicitly refuses to operate on.
Driver does everything. Adaptive cruise control alone is L0/L1 depending on integration.
Examples: Basic forward-collision warning, blind-spot monitoring.
System controls either steering OR speed, never both.
Examples: Adaptive cruise control without lane-keeping. Lane-keeping without ACC.
System controls steering AND speed. Driver must monitor and be ready to take over at any time, hands on or off the wheel depending on the specific system. The SAE level reflects who is legally responsible — it is NOT a ranking of how capable the system is. Tesla FSD is L2 because Tesla doesn't accept liability while engaged, but functionally it handles intersections and city streets that mapped-highway L2+ systems explicitly will not.
Examples: Tesla Autopilot, Tesla FSD (Supervised). Most consumer ADAS sits here.
Same legal status as L2 — driver is responsible — but the system permits hands-off operation in a defined road network, with eye-tracking enforcing attention. In practice this means lane-keeping on mapped divided highways. None of the L2+ systems below handle intersections, traffic lights, stop signs, or city streets.
Examples: GM Super Cruise, Ford BlueCruise, Nissan ProPILOT 2.0/2.1, Rivian Universal Hands-Free.
Eyes OFF allowed within a strict operational design domain (specific roads, speeds, weather). The SYSTEM is responsible while engaged; the driver must take over when prompted.
Examples: Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot (the only L3 certified for US public roads, CA + NV).
No human driver required within the operational design domain. The vehicle handles all edge cases or pulls over safely.
Examples: Waymo, Zoox, Motional (target), Tesla Robotaxi (within geofence).
No operational design domain — any road, any condition, no human input ever needed.
Examples: No production system exists at L5 as of 2026.
Listed for query coverage — readers searching these operators deserve a current, sourced answer about US availability.
Waymo serves 10 US metros open to public riders: Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Austin, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, Orlando, and Miami. Zoox runs on the Las Vegas Strip (public) and is in early-access in San Francisco. Tesla Robotaxi operates in Austin, Dallas, and Houston (Texas only).
Functionally, Tesla FSD (Supervised) handles more driving than any other production system: city streets, intersections, traffic lights, stop signs, unprotected turns, parking, and highways — essentially any road. By SAE classification it is Level 2, but that classification reflects legal responsibility (Tesla doesn't accept liability while engaged), not capability. The hands-off L2+ competitors (GM Super Cruise, Ford BlueCruise, Nissan ProPILOT 2.0, Rivian Universal Hands-Free) are restricted to mapped divided highways and will not engage at intersections, traffic lights, or on city streets. Tesla's Robotaxi service (Texas) runs an unsupervised variant of the same FSD stack inside a geofence.
Four production systems permit hands-off operation today, all restricted to mapped divided highways: GM Super Cruise on ~750,000 miles of highway (Cadillac Lyriq / Vistiq / Escalade IQ; Chevy Silverado EV, Equinox EV, Blazer EV; GMC Sierra EV / Hummer EV), Ford BlueCruise on mapped 'Blue Zones' (Mustang Mach-E, F-150 Lightning, etc.), Nissan ProPILOT 2.0 on Nissan Ariya, and Rivian Universal Hands-Free on the R1S / R1T (Gen 2). None of these handle intersections, traffic lights, stop signs, or city streets — they're hands-off lane-keepers on a defined road network. Tesla FSD operates on a far wider scope (including city streets and intersections) but is hands-on/eyes-on at all times because Tesla classifies it as supervised.
Yes, as of May 2026. Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot is the only SAE Level 3 system certified for US public roads, available on the EQS Sedan and S-Class in California and Nevada at speeds up to 40 mph on highways. BMW canceled its Personal Pilot L3 program (which was Germany-only) as part of the 2026 7 Series facelift. Honda Sensing Elite L3 remains a Japan-only offering.
They're playing fundamentally different games. Waymo leads on driverless commercial scale today: 10 US metros, ~3,000 vehicles, ~500,000 paid public rides per week, ~4M autonomous miles per week (March 2026) — but it relies on HD-mapped cities and a lidar-heavy sensor stack, which is why expansion to a new city is a multi-quarter operation. Tesla's bet is different: a vision-only, generalized FSD stack that already runs (supervised) across 1.28M consumer vehicles and 10B+ cumulative miles, with the Robotaxi product running an unsupervised variant of that same stack in three Texas cities (Austin, Dallas, Houston, with unsupervised evening service in Austin since May 4, 2026). Five additional cities announced for 1H 2026 are still in 'preparations underway'. Today, Waymo has the larger commercial driverless service; Tesla has by far the larger consumer autonomy footprint and a faster city-add roadmap if the unsupervised stack proves out. Both can be true at the same time.
GM wound down Cruise robotaxi operations in December 2024, citing the cost and time required to scale a competitive robotaxi business. The decision is estimated to reduce GM spending by more than $1 billion per year. Cruise's technology and engineering talent were redirected into GM's personal-vehicle ADAS work, where Super Cruise continues to be developed.
No. Baidu Apollo Go (the global volume leader at 250,000+ weekly rides), WeRide, and Pony.ai all operate robotaxi services but none have a US public service. WeRide and Pony.ai have expanded internationally via Uber partnerships (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Riyadh, Zagreb). The 100%+ US tariff on Chinese EVs effectively closes the door on direct vehicle imports.
Uber doesn't operate its own robotaxis — instead it partners. In the US: Waymo is bookable through the Uber app in Austin and Atlanta. Uber has signed a $300M deal with Lucid and Nuro to deploy up to 20,000 Lucid Gravity SUVs equipped with Nuro autonomy, with first San Francisco service targeted for late 2026. Internationally: WeRide (Dubai/Abu Dhabi/Riyadh), Wayve (London, Tokyo with Nissan), and Pony.ai (Zagreb).
Waymo and Zoox price comparably to UberX or slightly above in their service areas — typically a $2-5 premium per ride for the novelty + dedicated vehicle. Tesla Robotaxi in Austin has been priced as a flat $4.20 per ride at launch as a promotional rate, with regular pricing TBD. International operators charge in local currency at rates comparable to local ride-hail.
Level 4 means no human driver required, but only within a defined operational design domain — e.g. specific cities, weather conditions, or speeds. Every robotaxi operating commercially today is L4. Level 5 means full automation everywhere, in any conditions — no production system exists at L5 in 2026 and no operator is publicly claiming a near-term L5 product.
Dig into the vehicles that ship these driver-assist systems, or jump to our other research tools.
Every operator status, city list, and capability claim on this page is reconciled against primary sources (operator press releases, SEC filings, state DMV/CPUC records, and dated trade reporting) on a monthly cycle. Inline footnotes link to the specific source for each claim. Where two sources conflict, we cite the most recent dated record from the operator or its regulator.
What we deliberately do NOT do: rely on speculative timelines from press tours or social-media announcements without a regulatory filing or live service to corroborate. Robotaxi rollouts have historically slipped by quarters or years; only operators with at least public-rideable service (or a filed permit) are listed as "Active" or "Limited" rather than "Preparing."
Last full verification: May 28, 2026. Refresh cycle: monthly.